JoHo kan jouw hulp goed gebruiken! Check hier de diverse studentenbanen die aansluiten bij je studie, je competenties verbeteren, je cv versterken en een bijdrage leveren aan een tolerantere wereld
Applied Cognitive Psychology - Leiden University (2019)
Lecture 4: Human Error
While in the past being hurt was seen as a "personality trait", it turned out that there is no difference in proneness to injury.
It is often difficult to judge a situation to be safe or not.
Kahneman:
2 systems for processing information
- System 1:
- Fast
- Unconscious
- Intuitive
- Sensitive for pictures
- System 2:
- Slow
- Conscious reasoning
- Evaluate
- Sensitive for information
System 1 always gives an immediate reaction, this is ‘uncontrollable’.
System 2 has to be activated
Unfortunately this reaction is not always good. Estimates of probability and impact are strongly influenced by:
- Saliency
- Availability
- Public outrage
Saliency
Example: 9/11 very salient, but actually much more people died in car accidents that week.
Availability
Example: While hurricane Maria got little media coverage, it was more destructive than hurricane Harvey.
Public outrage
Example: the public outrage for a gun crime is much higher than the actual hazard
James Reason
Not-intentional behavior:
- Skill-based slip (Error of commission)
- Skill-based-lapse (Error of omission)
Intentional behaviour
- Rule- or knowledge-based mistake
- Violation
Fatigue
Significant jump in risk of error after 8 hours of working
Risk of mistake is more than double after 90 minutes after break compared to 30 minutes
Expectations
Fixation on expected solutions
Confuse new problems with old problems with known solutions
Rule breaking
Who violates?
- Violators can be found at all levels of an organisation
- People may treat rules as prescriptions for others but only as guidance for themselves
- Incidents may have been caused because people followed (bad?) procedures
- Personality characteristic: sheep or wolf?
Conclusions
‘Human error’ research looked at individual behaviour and ways to ‘fix it’
Reason and Rasmussen caused a revolution in the 1980s when they categorised human error and related the categories to organisational issues
The success has been staggering in the areas where it has been applied: up to 96% less accidents
Recent developments: look at human error from a ‘complexity’ point of view
At the moment there are few practical applications, but it has potential
Applied Cognitive Psychology - Lecture notes, LU
- Applied Cognitive Psychology - Lecture notes, LU
- Applied Cognitive Psychology - Lecture notes 2, LU
- Applied Cognitive Psychology - Lecture notes 3, LU
- Applied Cognitive Psychology - Lecture notes 4, LU
- Applied Cognitive Psychology - Lecture notes 5, LU
- Applied Cognitive Psychology - Lecture notes 6, LU
- Applied Cognitive Psychology - Lecture notes 7, LU
- Applied Cognitive Psychology - Lecture notes 8, LU
JoHo can really use your help! Check out the various student jobs here that match your studies, improve your competencies, strengthen your CV and contribute to a more tolerant world
Online access to all summaries, study notes en practice exams
- Check out: Register with JoHo WorldSupporter: starting page (EN)
- Check out: Aanmelden bij JoHo WorldSupporter - startpagina (NL)
How and why would you use WorldSupporter.org for your summaries and study assistance?
- For free use of many of the summaries and study aids provided or collected by your fellow students.
- For free use of many of the lecture and study group notes, exam questions and practice questions.
- For use of all exclusive summaries and study assistance for those who are member with JoHo WorldSupporter with online access
- For compiling your own materials and contributions with relevant study help
- For sharing and finding relevant and interesting summaries, documents, notes, blogs, tips, videos, discussions, activities, recipes, side jobs and more.
Using and finding summaries, study notes en practice exams on JoHo WorldSupporter
There are several ways to navigate the large amount of summaries, study notes en practice exams on JoHo WorldSupporter.
- Use the menu above every page to go to one of the main starting pages
- Starting pages: for some fields of study and some university curricula editors have created (start) magazines where customised selections of summaries are put together to smoothen navigation. When you have found a magazine of your likings, add that page to your favorites so you can easily go to that starting point directly from your profile during future visits. Below you will find some start magazines per field of study
- Use the topics and taxonomy terms
- The topics and taxonomy of the study and working fields gives you insight in the amount of summaries that are tagged by authors on specific subjects. This type of navigation can help find summaries that you could have missed when just using the search tools. Tags are organised per field of study and per study institution. Note: not all content is tagged thoroughly, so when this approach doesn't give the results you were looking for, please check the search tool as back up
- Check or follow your (study) organizations:
- by checking or using your study organizations you are likely to discover all relevant study materials.
- this option is only available trough partner organizations
- Check or follow authors or other WorldSupporters
- by following individual users, authors you are likely to discover more relevant study materials.
- Use the Search tools
- 'Quick & Easy'- not very elegant but the fastest way to find a specific summary of a book or study assistance with a specific course or subject.
- The search tool is also available at the bottom of most pages
Do you want to share your summaries with JoHo WorldSupporter and its visitors?
- Check out: Why and how to add a WorldSupporter contributions
- JoHo members: JoHo WorldSupporter members can share content directly and have access to all content: Join JoHo and become a JoHo member
- Non-members: When you are not a member you do not have full access, but if you want to share your own content with others you can fill out the contact form
Quicklinks to fields of study for summaries and study assistance
Field of study
- All studies for summaries, study assistance and working fields
- Communication & Media sciences
- Corporate & Organizational Sciences
- Cultural Studies & Humanities
- Economy & Economical sciences
- Education & Pedagogic Sciences
- Health & Medical Sciences
- IT & Exact sciences
- Law & Justice
- Nature & Environmental Sciences
- Psychology & Behavioral Sciences
- Public Administration & Social Sciences
- Science & Research
- Technical Sciences
Add new contribution