The three most important elements of Bayesian statistics are:

• The Prior: the relative plausibility of hypothesis, before seeing the data
• Likelihood: the predictive updating factor
• The Posterior: the relative plausibility of hypothesis, after seeing the data

For ...

Weaknesses of the Bayesian approach are:

• The prior is subjective
• Bayesian analysis force people to consider what a theory actually predicts, but specifying the predictions in detail may by contentious
• Bayesian analysis escape the paradoxes of violating the likelihood princ...

  The main difference between the P-value and the likelihood of Bayes is:

• P-value is the chance at obtaining the data of more extreme data given the null-hypotheses and the used procedure
• The likelihood (by H0) is the chance of the data given the null-hypotheses

An confidence interval is an interval brought out an algorithm that by repeated use gives an X% change to hold the true population value.

Realism holds that:

• Concepts used in human knowledge refer to a physical reality which has priority
• Knowledge is discovered rather than created
• Truth is determined by the correspondence between knowledge and the physical world

Idealism holds that:

• The w...

Verificationism states that a proposition is scientific only if it can be verified through objective, value-free observation Problems with this are:

• It is logically impossible to prove the truth of a conclusion on the basis of repeated observations.
• Many scientific theories include...

Science’s claim of superiority was based on four principles

•  Realism There is a physical world with independent objects, which can be understood by human intellect
• Objectivity Knowledge of the physical world does not depend on the observer. ‘Objective’ agreem...

Monads are (according to Leibniz) but energy-laden and soul-invested units. He believed there are four types of monads.

• Simple monads The bodies of all matter Some type of unconscious and unorganized perception. They ware motivated by a tendency to keep in line with the existing, pre-establ...