Psychological Assessment – Article summary [UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM]
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Objective methods of personality assessment typically contain short-answer items for which the person being assessed needs to select a response. The answers of questions is indicative for the presence or absence of a personality trait. However, these methods are prone to response biases and the content of the items can be guided by theory.
The sign approach states that test responses are deemed to be signs or clues to underlying personality or ability. The sample approach states that behaviour is to be interpreted in light of a trait of interest. An advantage of the sign approach is that the client might become aware of feelings that one was not previously aware of.
Behavioural assessment refers to what a person does in situations rather than on inferences about what attributes this person has. In traditional approaches to assessment, data is used to diagnose and classify, whereas in behavioural approaches to assessment, data is used to describe targeted behaviours and maintaining conditions usually for the purpose of selecting specific therapeutic conditions.
In traditional assessment, an individual’s behavioural history is afforded great weight (i.e. it is seen as predictive of future behaviour). In behavioural approaches, behavioural history provides a baseline information relevant to an individual’s learning history.
There are several questions that can be asked in behavioural assessment:
Timeline followback (TLFB) methodology refers to a method of recording the frequency and intensity of target behaviour. Ecological momentary assessment refers to recording behaviour-related events as they occur through a handheld computer to maintain an electronic diary of the behaviour.
There are several varieties of behavioural assessment:
Behaviour rating scales can be categorized according to a continuum of direct to indirect. This applies to the setting in which the observed behaviour occurs and how closely that setting approximates the setting in which the behaviour naturally occurs. The more natural the setting, the more direct the measure. Broad-band instruments are designed to measure a wide variety of behaviours and narrow-band instruments are designed to measure on behaviours related to specific constructs.
Analogue behavioural observation refers to the observation of a person or persons in an environment designed to increase the chance that the assessor can observe targeted behaviours and interactions.
Biofeedback refers to a class of psychophysical assessment techniques designed to gauge, display and record a continuous monitoring of selected biological processes (e.g. blood pressure). The plethysmograph is a biofeedback instrument that records changes in volume of a part of the body from variations in blood supply.
The contrast effect refers to an excessively positive rating because the previous rating was excessively negative. Composite judgement refers to the average of multiple judgements of multiple raters. Other issues of behavioural assessment are equipment cost, cost of training of behavioural assessors and the operationalization of certain (personality) traits.
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