In the reflective model, the attribute is seen as the common cause of observed scores (e.g. depression causes people feeling sad). In the formative model, observed scores define or determine the attribute (e.g. depression occurs when people feel sad a lot).

Reflective models are presented as measurement models. A latent variable is introduced to account for

The danger of using a dichotomous system when it comes to mental disorders is not treating people who require treatment or treating people who do not require treatment. It is unclear where the boundary between disorder and no disorder is and this is not progressive for science and research as a whole.

Equivalence classes refers to

Non-parametric tests can be used when the assumptions of the regular statistical tests have been violated. Non-parametric tests use fewer assumptions and are robust. A non-parametric test has less power than parametric tests if the sampling distribution is normally distributed.

Ranking the data refers to giving the lowest score the rank of 1, the next highest score

Probabilities are long-run relative frequencies for the collective, rather than an individual. Probabilities do not apply to theories, as individual theories are not collectives. Therefore, the null hypothesis cannot be assigned a probability. A p-value does not indicate the probability of the null hypothesis being true.

Power or a p-value is not necessary in Bayesian statistics,

Good science requires statistical tools and informed judgement about what model to construct, what hypotheses to test and what tools to use.

There is no universal method of scientific inference, but, rather, a toolbox of useful scientific methods. Besides that, the danger of Bayesian statistics is that this will become a new universal method of statistics.