This bundle contains all the information needed for the second interim exam for the course "Clinical Perspective on Today's Issues" given at the University of Amsterdam. It contains lecture information, information from the relevant books and all the articles. The following is included:
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was introduced to have a single cause (i.e. traumatic event). This is unique as there is a clear, environmental cause rather than a complex interplay between environmental and genetic factors, such as in other disorders. However, not everyone who experiences trauma develops PTSD. This leads to three main criticisms towards PTSD:
Loneliness refers to a discrepancy between an individual’s preferred and actual social relations. This discrepancy leads to the negative experience of feeling alone and the distress of feeling socially isolated. Feeling alone does not mean being alone and vice versa. An individual’s prior experiences (1), current attributions (2) and overall preference for social contact (3) influence an individual’s
........Read moreAttachment provides the framework for how an individual perceives and interacts with the world. There is a heightened reliance on attachment relationships for adolescents when transitioning to adulthood. Bartholomew’s theory of attachment states that attachment should be explained in terms of how individuals perceive themselves and others in relationships. There are four attachment styles in adolescents and adults:
........Read moreThe clinical presentation of PTSD varies. It is not entirely clear what is seen as a traumatic event and what is not. A life-threatening illness or medical condition is not seen as trauma but medical incidents can qualify as traumatic events (e.g. waking up during surgery), same as a medical catastrophe in one’s child.
Intrusive recollection
........Read moreThere was no clear recognition of the chronic, long-term post-traumatic stress reactions before the diagnosis of PTSD. The amygdala (1), hippocampus (2) and HPA axis (3) are imperative in the development and maintenance of PTSD. The hippocampus and amygdala are involved in the registration of dangerous events and the formation of memories about this.
Memories formed under
........Read moreAccording to Sullivan, personality refers to the relatively enduring pattern of recurrent interpersonal situations which characterize a human life. This emphasizes the interpersonal situation. The interpersonal theory has two assumptions:
Both Bowlby’s and Ainsworth’s attachment theory are used to conceptualize close interpersonal relationships. This theory states that people have core systems (i.e. attachments) and this is modifiable by experience.
Bowlby’s attachment theory states that humans have an innate attachment behavioural system. This motivates them to seek proximity to significant others (i.e. attachment figures). The main goal
........Read moreEhler and Clarke’s cognitive model of PTSD states that persistent PTSD only occurs if individuals process the traumatic event and/or consequences in a way which produces a sense of serious, current threat. People with persistent PTSD are unable to see the trauma as a time-limited event that does not have global implications for their future. There are two
........Read moreThere is no difference between people with a high and a low self-esteem with regards to the desire for connection. However, compared to people with a high self-esteem, people with a low self-esteem have several characteristics.
Social networking sites (SNS) refer to internet-based services that give individuals three major capabilities:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective treatment for alleviating PTSD symptoms. In EMDR, the patient recalls traumatic memories while simultaneously making horizontal eye movements. There are three hypotheses as to why and how EMDR works:
For PTSD treatment, it is important to spend sufficient time on psychoeducation. The patient should understand the likely causes of their symptoms and how the treatment is supposed to alleviate these symptoms.
Writing therapy is effective for the treatment of PTSD and consists of three phases:
Trauma-focused interventions refer to interventions that directly address memories of the traumatic event or thoughts and feelings related to the traumatic event (e.g. EMDR). Non-trauma focused interventions refer to interventions that do not directly address memories of the traumatic event or thoughts and feelings related to the traumatic event (e.g. stress inoculation training).
A combination of
........Read more
Add new contribution