What is personality? - Exams 1 (2)

Open questions

Question 1

Define the concept of personality.

Question 2

Which three parts consist of psychological mechanisms?

Question 3

Identify the three levels of personality analysis.

Question 4

Describe the nomothetic and idiographic research method.

Question 5

Which six research areas, from different angles, are aimed at gaining insight into the nature of man?

Question 6

Which three requirements are placed on personality theories?

MC questions

Question 1

What is the study of a single individual an example of?

1. Nomothetic research

2. Correlational research

3. Idiographic research

4. Cognitive psychological research

Question 2

Which of the following possibilities makes a typical statement about character?

1. I am big and strong

2. You can rely on me

3. I come up with solutions to problems

4. I respond quickly and energetically

Question 3

Psychological mechanisms differ from properties in that mechanisms:

1. Referring more to processes

2. Be less stable

3. No decision-making rules

4. All the above answers are correct

Question 4

The dispositional area assumes that change occurs

1. When the environment changes

2. By therapy

3. By the way properties are expressed

4. Because properties change

Question 5

Personality psychologists believe that traits:

1. Describe behavior

2. Cause behavior

3. Answer A and B are both correct

4. Answer A and B are both incorrect

Question 6

According to the intrapsychic approach (FREUD!), The source of all psychological problems lies in:

1. The unconscious

2. (Bad) environments

3. Chemical imbalance in the brain

4. None of the above answers are correct

Question 7

The dispositional domain deals with personality problems:

1. by psychoanalysis

2. by cognitive therapy

3. by fitting in the right environments

4. by changing relationships between reward and punishment

Question 8

Which of the following concepts is a subcategory of personality?

1. Individual differences

2. Character

3. Intelligence

4. The Big Five

Question 9

Which domain relies most on the statistical method to identify fundamental properties?

1. The dispositional domain

2. The biological domain

3. The domain of the adaptation

4. The social and cultural domain

Question 10

The intrapsychic approach sees behavior as

1. especially random

2. mainly caused by environment

3. mainly determined by mental powers

4. none of the above answers are correct

Question 11

A dispositional researcher would expect someone who is friendly at work to:

1. at home is also friendly

2. is friendly in social situations

3. at home is not friendly before

4. answer a and b are both correct

Question 12

A talkative person

1. will always talk more than a quiet person

2. can never shut up

3. talk more than a quiet person in the theater, for example

4. talks more than a quiet person on average

Question 13

Which of the following questions emphasizes research on personality traits?

1. How many fundamental properties are there?

2. How are traits organized within the person?

3. Where do properties come from?

4. All the above answers are correct

Question 14

Personality psychologists believe that traits:

1. describe behavior

2. cause behavior

3. answer A and B are both correct

4. answers A and B are both incorrect

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Personality is a collection of an individual's psychological traits and mechanisms that exhibit coherence, generally persist, and affect the individual's interaction and his / her adaptation to intrapsychic, physical, and social environments.

Question 2

Input (information from the environment), decision rules (way of thinking), and output (tendency to certain behavior).

Question 3

Each person is in certain respects: 1) equal to others (the level of human nature), 2) similar to others (the level of individual and group differences) and 3) unique (the level of individual uniqueness).

Question 4

Nomothetic research: statistical comparisons of individuals or groups. It is used to distinguish universal human traits. Idiographic (descriptive) research: concerns a single subject and observes the way in which general principles are applicable in a single case. This often concerns a psychological biography or a study of one person.

Question 5

The dispositional, biological, intrapsychic, cognitive-experimental, socio-cultural and adaptation domain.

Question 6

First, the theory should guide researchers, leading to new findings. Second, the theory must explain known findings. Finally, the theory must make specific predictions that can be tested empirically.

Answer indication MC questions

1. C

2. B

3. A

4. C

5. C

6. A

7. C

8. A

9. A

10. C

11. D

12. D

13. D

14. D

How can personality be measured? - Exams 2 (2)

Open questions

Question 1

Name the four main forms of data collection.

Question 2

Name a disadvantage of S-data, O-data and T-data.

Question 3

What does fMRI mean and what is its purpose?

Question 4

When can a test be called reliable?

Question 5

When can a test be considered valid?

Question 6

What three types of research designs are there and what are they best suited for?

MC questions

Question 1

Which of the following alternatives is an example of an unstructured questionnaire?

1. True / false questions

2. Open questions

3. Forced choice questions

4. All the above answers are correct

Question 2

What do we know if dominance positively correlates with ego strength?

1. Ego-strength dominance

2. Dominance causes ego-strength

3. People who score high on dominance also score high on ego strength

4. None of the above answers are correct

Question 3

In an experimental design, the manipulated variable is

1. The randomly assigned variable

2. The independent variable

3. The dependent variable

4. None of the above answers are correct

Question 4

Someone who tends to agree with all the questions in a questionnaire will likely show the response set:

1. Giving extreme answers (extreme responding)

2. Faking

3. Acquiescence (agree with everything)

4. Social desirability

Question 5

What someone tells you about their friend is considered to be:

1. S data

2. L data

3. O-data

4. T data

Question 6

Which of the following concepts is not important for assessing a personality measurement?

1. Validity

2. Manipulation

3. Generalizability

4. Reliability

Question 7

What do psychological researchers mainly derive their psychological statements from?

1. The style of the behavior

2. The content of the behavior

3. From someone's reputation

4. None of the above answers are correct

Question 8

If someone's personality has been assessed four times, and each time that person gets the same score, we know that that rating…

1. is reliable

2. is valid

3. is statistically significant

4. all the above answers are correct

Question 9

If people who score high on 'extraversion' also score high on measurements of 'being happy', then 'extraversion' and 'being happy'…

1. uncorrelated

2. positively correlated

3. negatively correlated

4. perhaps correlated, but there is not enough information to say anything about it

Question 10

When different measurements of the same construct correlate high with a given test, that test has high….

1. convergent validity

2. discriminant validity

3. face validity

4. none of the above answers are correct

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Self-reporting (S-data), observer data (O-data), laboratory tests (T-data) and life outcomes (L-data).

Question 2

S-data: Participants can lie or fake.

O-data: Observers may not have access to relevant information.

T-data: Lab tests may not be suitable for discovering patterns in everyday life.

Question 3

Functional magnetic resonance imaging; discovering the place and patterns of brain activity when participants perform certain tasks.

Question 4

When the same scores are obtained with repeated measurements.

Question 5

When the test measures what it should measure.

Question 6

The first is experimental research. This method is best suited for determining causality between two variables. The second type is correlational research. This method is best suited for investigating relationships between variables in natural settlements. The third method is the case study. This is suitable for formulating hypotheses and gaining insight into individual cases.

Answer indication MC questions

1. B

2. C

3. B

4. C

5. C

6. B

7. A

8. A

9. B

10. A

How can personality traits be described and classified? - ExamTests 3 (2)

MC-questions

Question 1

What are the two most used personality dimensions in the history of personality psychology?

1. Conscientiousness and Neuroticism.

2. Neuroticism and Extraversion.

3. Agreeableness and Conscientiousness.

4. Extraversion and Agreeableness.

Question 2

Which of the following alternatives exemplifies the view that properties are descriptive summaries?

1. The sociosexual orientation scale (…).

2. Theoretical scale construction (1-2-3-4-5).

3. Eysenck's theory (3 main features; extroversion, neuroticism, psychotic).

4. The “act-frequency” method (Act nomination, proto. Judg., Rec or act perf).

Question 3

A researcher who defines properties before examining them follows ...

1. The statistical approach.

2. The theoretical approach.

3. The lexical approach.

4. All the above answers are correct.

Question 4

Features in a circumplex that are each other's opposites ...

1. Do not correlate.

2. Correlate positively.

3. Correlate negatively.

4. None of the above answers are correct.

Question 5

The idea that all major differences have been precipitated in the natural language is known as ...

1. The individual differences hypothesis.

2. The lexical hypothesis.

3. Factor analysis.

4. Property taxonomy.

Question 6

In Wiggins' circumplex, dominance and warmth-friendliness (agreeableness) convey the relationship of ...

1. 'Adjacency' to.

2. Bipolarity.

3. Orthogonality.

4. Factor loads.

Question 7

Someone who is anti-social and shows lack of empathy probably scores high on the trait ...

1. Extraversion.

2. Neuroticism.

3. Psychoticism.

4. All the above answers are correct.

Open questions

Question 1

Which two approaches are there to conceptualize traits?

Question 2

What three approaches exist to distinguish the most important features?

Question 3

Describe Eysenck's model.

Question 4

Describe Cattell's taxonomy.

Question 5

What are circumplex models of personality?

Question 6

Which five factors of personality are distinguished in the Big Five?

Question 7

Which sixth factor is distinguished in the HEXACO model?

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

B. Neuroticism and Extraversion.

Question 2

D. The “act-frequency” method (Act nomination, proto. Judg., Rec or act perf).

Question 3

B. The theoretical approach.

Question 4

C. Correlate negatively.

Question 5

B. The lexical hypothesis.

Question 6

C. Orthogonality.

Question 7

C. Psychoticism.

Answer indication open questions

Question 1

The first approach states that traits are inner traits that cause behavior. So pulling causes external behavior. The second approach states that traits are descriptive summaries of external behavior. This approach does not assume that pulling causes behavior.

Question 2

The lexical approach sees all important features as caught in the language. This approach uses synonym frequency and cross-cultural universality as criteria to distinguish important features. The statistical approach uses statistical procedures such as factor analysis to distinguish clusters from related traits. The theoretical approach uses existing personality theories to determine which traits are important.

Question 3

Eysenck developed a hierarchical model in which the features of extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism are distinguished. These general traits include more specific traits such as activity level, mood and egocentricity. The taxonomy is based on factor analysis but has biological roots, such as a hereditary and physiological basis of the traits.

Question 4

Cattell's taxonomy consists of 16 personality traits, based on factor analysis. This taxonomy arose from the use of multiple types of data sources.

Question 5

Circumplex taxonomies focus on the domain of interpersonal traits. They are circular arrangements of traits around two dimensions - status (dominance) and love (kindness).

Question 6

Extraversion, kindness, conscientiousness, emotional stability and open-mindedness.

Question 7

In addition to the five factors of the Big Five, the HEXACO model distinguishes the factor Honesty-Humility. This factor includes sincerity, honesty, avoidance of greed and modesty.

What theories are there about measuring personality? - Exams 4 (2)

Open questions

Question 1

What three assumptions do personality psychologists make with regard to personality?

Question 2

Why is personality psychology also called differential psychology?

Question 3

What is meant by situationism (Mischel)?

Question 4

Describe the phenomenon of person-situation interaction.

Question 5

Describe what situational selection entails.

Question 6

What is meant by faking by participants?

Question 7

What are Barnum statements?

Question 8

What is the problem with Jung's theory of the psychological types on which the MBTI is based?

MC questions

Question 1

How is the idea that personality traits influence the choice of situations in which people find themselves known?

1. Situational selection

2. Aggregation (averaging)

3. Manipulation (changing targeted behavior of others)

4. Evocation (create situation; generate reaction from others)

Question 2

What, according to Mischel (1968), was the most important thing in determining behavior?

1. Intellectual capabilities

2. Situations

3. Attitudes

4. Properties

Question 3

The idea that personality traits influence the choice of situations people find themselves in is known as:

1. Aggregation (averaging)

2. Situational selection

3. Evocation (create situation; generate reaction from others)

4. Manipulation (changing targeted behavior of others)

Question 4

The point of view of the person-situation interaction implies that when we observe a certain behavior:

1. both the relevant personality trait and the appropriate situation will be available

2. this observation is possible because situations cause personality traits

3. the behavior will remain consistent across situations

4. we can attribute that behavior almost entirely to personality

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

There are meaningful individual differences in personality. The personality is stable over time. The personality is consistent in different situations.

Question 2

Personality psychology deals with differences between people. Differential psychology studies not only individual differences in personality, but also ability, fitness and intelligence.

Question 3

If behavior differs per situation, behavior is not determined by underlying traits, but by situational differences.

Question 4

Behavior is a function of the interaction between character traits and situational influences.

Question 5

A form of interactionism, the tendency to choose situations in which one can be oneself.

Question 6

The deliberate bias of answers to a questionnaire.

Question 7

Generalities, statements that could apply to everyone. For example, "You sometimes doubt whether you did the right thing" or "You want others to like you."

Question 8

People cannot be divided into types that are, for example, completely introverted or completely extroverted. Character traits are normally distributed. Very few personal characteristics follow a bimodal distribution.

Answer indication MC questions

1. A

2. B

3. B

4. A

Does personality develop during different phases of life? - Exams 5 (2)

Open questions

Question 1

Name three forms of personality stability.

Question 2

Which traits of the Big Five change over time and in which direction (increase or decrease)?

Question 3

What other properties change over time and in which direction?

Question 4

To which characteristics do changes apply, specifically in women?

Question 5

What did Twenge's (2001) study show about cohort effects related to change in assertiveness and dominance in women?

Question 6

What Traits Predict Bad Marriage and Divorce?

Question 7

What is the effect of work experience on personality?

MC questions

Question 1

Freud's theory of psychosexual stages (oral, anal, etc.) exemplifies personality change at the level of analysis of:

1. Group differences

2. The population

3. Individual uniqueness

4. Individual differences

Question 2

Self-efficacy is defined as

1. The belief that one can do the necessary to achieve desired results

2. Making attributions that are unstable, temporary and global

3. The expectation that there will be many positive events, and few negative ones

4. Having a higher self-esteem than average

Question 3

For which of the following terms does balance historically count as a central feature?

1. Character

2. Temperament

3. Personality

4. Answer A and B are both correct

Question 4

The trait “competence” appears in women

1. Decrease with age

2. Increase with age

3. Stay the same with aging

4. To increase when they are married, but to decrease when they are unmarried

Question 5

When is personality least stable?

1. In early childhood

2. In later youth

3. In the adolescence period

4. In the adult period

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

1. Ranking stability

2. Average level stability

3. Personality coherence

Question 2

Neuroticism diminishes with time; kindness and conscientiousness increase with time.

Question 3

Self-esteem increases; impulsivity decreases; sensation seeking decreases after a peak in adolescence.

Question 4

In women, femininity appears to be declining around age 40-50. This is probably related to menopause. Autonomy, independence and competence, in particular, seem to increase with women as they age.

Question 5

Assertiveness was high after 1930, when women were extremely independent. Then, in the 1950s / 60s, women became mainly housewives. From 1967 to 1993 assertiveness increased again due to changes in social roles and more women in the workplace.

Question 6

High levels of neuroticism in both sexes and impulsivity in men.

Question 7

People successful at work become happier, more confident and less anxious over time.

Answer indication MC questions

1. B

2. A

3. B

4. B

5. C

What can we say about personality and genetics? - ExamTests 6 (2)

MC-questions

Question 1

The heredity coefficient is expressed as the proportion ...

1. Genotypic variance of the total variance.

2. Genotypic variance of the phenotypic variance.

3. Phenotypic variance of the total variance.

4. Phenotypic variance of the genotypic variance.

Question 2

Most studies attempting to relate specific genes to personality ...

1. Find that specific genes only explain a very small part of the variance.

2. Find that specific genes explain a moderate amount of the variance.

3. Find that specific genes explain much of the variance.

4. Failing to find such a relationship.

Question 3

A trait is likely to be hereditary when ...

1. Dizygotic twins are more similar to that trait than monozygotic twins.

2. Monozygous twins are more similar to that trait than dizygotic twins.

3. Ordinary twins are more alike on that trait than dizygotic twins.

4. Dizygotic twins are more similar to that trait than regular twins.

Question 4

The percentage of their genes that uncles and aunts have in common with cousins ​​is approximately ...

1. 0%

2. 12.5%

3. 25%

4. 50%

Question 5

Which approach aims to identify specific genes related to personality traits?

1. Adoption Studies.

2. Molecular studies.

3. Twin studies.

4. All the above answers are correct.

Question 6

What percentage of his or her children does a parent have in common with each of his or her children?

1. 25%

2. 50%

3. 75%

4. 100%

Question 7

Most studies attempting to relate specific genes to personality ...

1. Fail to find such a relationship.

2. Find that specific genes explain only a very small part of the variation.

3. Find that specific genes explain a moderate amount of the variation.

4. Find that specific genes explain much of the variation.

Question 8

If the correlation between characteristics of adoptive parents and adopted children is high ...

1. We can assume that there is genetic influence.

2. We can assume that there is environmental influence.

3. We can assume that there is a shared environment.

4. There is not enough information to say anything about this.

Open questions

Question 1

Which four traditional methods are used in gene research?

Question 2

Which traits have heredity been demonstrated?

Question 3

To what extent are personality traits hereditary and to what extent are they determined by the environment?

Question 4

What does the concept of heredity mean?

Question 5

What does 'the influence of environment' mean?

Question 6

Which three types of gene-environment correlations are distinguished?

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

A. Genotypic variance of the total variance.

Question 2

B. Find that specific genes explain a moderate amount of the variance.

Question 3

B. Monozygous twins are more similar to that trait than dizygotic twins

Question 4

C. 25%

Question 5

B. Molecular studies.

Question 6

B. 50%

Question 7

C. Find that specific genes explain a moderate amount of the variation.

Question 8

B. We can assume that there is environmental influence.

Answer indication open questions

Question 1

Selective breeding, family studies, twin studies and adoption studies.

Question 2

Extraversion and neuroticism, as well as other dimensions of the Big Five, have been shown to be mediocre hereditary.

Question 3

Personality traits are 30-50 percent hereditary and 50-70 percent are determined by the environment.

Question 4

The degree of perceived individual differences caused by genetic differences in a given population or sample.

Question 5

The extent to which observed individual differences are caused by environmental differences.

Question 6

Passive, reactive and active.

Which biological / physiological theories exist with regard to personality? - ExamTests 7 (2)

MC-questions

Question 1

Which of the following alternatives is, according to Eysenck, related to low physiological arousal?

1. Introversion (happens more in the brain).

2. Extraversion (less happening in the brain).

3. The Behavioral Inhibition System.

4. The Behavioral Activation System.

Question 2

A person who drinks coffee in the morning rather than in the evening is someone ...

1. With greater activity in the left hemisphere.

2. With greater activity in the right hemisphere.

3. That scores high on 'morningness'.

4. That scores high on 'eveningness'.

Question 3

Biological differences that are likely to trigger personality differences ...

1. Are called biological correlates.

2. Are called biological substrates.

3. Obey Yerkes-Dodson's law.

4. Are considered cardiovascular reactivity.

Question 4

Which of the following properties is most related to biological rhythms?

1. Extraversion.

2. Sensation-seeking.

3. Morningness eveningness.

4. Impulsivity.

Question 5

Which of the following alternatives is not a component of 'sensation seeking'?

1. Search for excitement and adventure.

2. Disinhibition.

3. Sociability.

4. Boredom susceptibility.

Open questions

Question 1

What are the most used methods in personality research based on a biological approach?

Question 2

Which two ways of thinking about physiological variables are important in personality research and theory?

Question 3

Which six theories about the biological basis of personality are described in the chapter?

Question 4

How are physiological variables considered within these theories?

Question 5

What does the BAS system and the BIS system stand for?

Question 6

Which neurotransmitters play a role in the three-dimensional personality model and what role do they have in this?

Question 7

What is biologically underlying the affective style of an individual?

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

B. Extraversion (less happening in the brain).

Question 2

D. That scores high on 'eveningness'.

Question 3

B. Are called biological substrates.

Question 4

C. Morningness eveningness.

Question 5

C. Sociability.

Answer indication open questions

Question 1

Electrodormal activity, cardiovascular reactivity and brain activity. A new research area is fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging).

Question 2

The first is to consider physiological measurements as variables associated with personality traits. A second way is to consider physiological events as contributing to providing a physiological substrate for personality traits.

Question 3

Extraversion, sensitivity to reward and punishment (based on the BIS and BAS system), sensation seeking, three-dimensional personality theory, morningness-eveningness, affective style.

Question 4

Physiological variables are considered to be more than constructs underlying character traits. They are considered as substrates of the biological roots of behavioral patterns associated with a trait.

Question 5

The BAS system is the Behavioral Activation System that responds to rewards. The BIS system is the Behavioral Inhibition System that responds to punishment and threats.

Question 6

Dopamine (novelty seeking), serotonin (harm avoidance) and norepinephrine (reward dependence).

Question 7

Asymmetry in the frontal brain activity. The left represents a tendency towards the positive and the right the negative.

What influences has evolution had on personality? - Exams 8 (2)

Open questions

Question 1

What three basic assumptions does evolutionary psychology make?

Question 2

In what two ways are evolutionary hypotheses tested?

Question 3

Evolutionary psychological analyzes can be applied to three levels of personality analysis. Which?

Question 4

What has been demonstrated so far in these areas?

Question 5

Describe the theory of natural selection (Darwin).

Question 6

According to Darwin, sexual selection takes two forms. Which?

Question 7

Describe the process of differential gene reproduction.

MC questions

Question 1

Which of the following alternatives is most important to a woman according to evolutionary theory?

1. An emotionally reliable partner

2. A sexually reliable partner

3. Parental security

4. All the above answers are correct

Question 2

What are the incidental effects of adaptations called?

1. Evolutionary byproducts (Using nose for glasses)

2. Random variations

3. Functional adaptations

4. Domain specific adaptations

Question 3

How do men and women differ according to evolutionary theory?

1. Need for sexual variation

2. Jealousy

3. What is important in a potential partner

4. All the above answers are correct

Question 4

Which of the following possibilities does not form an evolutionary function of emotions?

1. Emotions guide people towards activities that increase fitness

2. Emotions can be used to exploit other people

3. Emotions can contribute to 'life satisfaction'

4. Emotions can be universally understood

Question 5

Incidental effects of adaptations are mentioned:

1. evolutionary by-products

2. random variations

3. domain specific adaptations

4. functional adaptations

Question 6

Investigation into murder and manslaughter indicates that

1. men kill mostly women

2. men kill mostly men

3. women kill mostly men

4. especially women kill women

Question 7

Women generally score higher than men

1. impulsivity

2. aggressiveness

3. fear

4. all the above answers are correct

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

First, it is assumed that customizations are domain specific. They are designed to solve specific adaptive problems. Secondly, there are many types of adjustments, as there are also many adaptive problems. Third, adjustments are functional. They aim to solve adaptive problems.

Question 2

First, with theories from which specific predictions are derived, the top-down approach. Secondly, by developing a theory based on observations, the bottom-up approach.

Question 3

The level of human nature, gender differences and individual differences.

Question 4

At the level of human nature, evidence has been found that people have a need to belong to a group. Furthermore, they tend to help others who have the same genes. After all, people have basic emotions like joy, aversion, anger, fear, sadness, and contempt.

At the gender differences level, men and women appear to differ in areas such as the desire to have different sex partners, jealousy and basis of partner preference. Physical attractiveness is more important in men and financial in women.

Different approaches are possible at the level of individual differences. Individual differences could arise from different environments. But also from the characteristics of the individual: When someone is big and strong, they are more inclined to aggressive behavior than a small person.

Question 5

Darwin assumed that there is a process of creating adjustments and making changes. Changes that allow the organism to survive and reproduce lead to more offspring. Unsuccessful species decrease in number and eventually die out.

Question 6

Intrasexual Competition: Members of the same sex compete with each other to access members of the opposite sex.

Intersex Competition: Members of one sex choose a partner based on their preference for certain characteristics of that partner. These traits survive because animals they own are more often chosen as partners; their genes are passed on.

Question 7

The genes of organisms that reproduce more than others are more often passed on to future generations than the genes of those that reproduce less.

Answer indication MC questions

1. A

2. A

3. A

4. C

5. A

6. B

7. C

What is the psychoanalytic approach to personality? - ExamTests 9 (2)

MC-questions

Question 1

Which of the following alternatives indicates that you are stuck at a certain stage of development?

1. Symbolism.

2. Fixation.

3. Displacement.

4. Identification.

Question 2

Which of the following statements would a modern psychoanalyst most likely agree with?

1. Most behavior is the result of unconscious conflicts.

2. Sexuality is more important to children than relationships.

3. The unconscious plays an important role in human functioning.

4. Childhood is not important for development.

Question 3

What do excuses or acceptable explanations for unacceptable behavior exemplify?

1. Rationalization.

2. Reaction formation.

3. Displacement.

4. Projection.

Question 4

Which of the following alternatives is primarily an answer to hostile natural forces?

1. 'Survival' selection.

2. Intersex selection (MV).

3. Intrasexual selection (MM).

4. Social anxiety.

Question 5

Freud's ideas about instincts are probably most influenced by ...

1. Galileo.

2. Jung.

3. Darwin (libido, thanatos).

4. The invention of the automobile.

Question 6

Which of the following alternatives indicates the attempt by a psychoanalytic therapist to describe a patient's unconscious conflicts?

1. Interpretation.

2. 'Transference'.

3. Projection.

4. Insight.

Question 7

Freud thought that when his female patients reported that they had been sexually seduced as a child, those patients probably ...

1. Speak the truth.

2. Suppressed the truth.

3. Committed to sublimation (making sexual or aggressive instincts desirable).

4. Unconscious desires fulfilled by fantasies.

Question 8

What happens to the amount of energy in a person, according to Freud?

1. Changes when the person changes.

2. Increases with age.

3. Decreases with age.

4. Always remains constant.

Question 9

In psychoanalysis, it is true that 'transference':

1. Is counterproductive.

2. Tells something about someone's unconscious.

3. Is unethical.

4. Reduces psychic energy.

Question 10

Which part of the psyche, according to Freud, relies most on the identification of the child with the parents?

1. Id.

2. Ego.

3. Superego.

4. All the above answers are correct.

Question 11

Which of the following terms refers to the instinct for pleasure, especially sexual pleasure?

1. Unconscious.

2. Libido.

3. Thanatos.

4. Superego.

Question 12

Defense mechanisms ...

1. Operate unconsciously.

2. Require psychic energy.

3. Are the result of the functioning of the ego.

4. All the above answers are correct.

Question 13

Which psychosexual stage is most associated with control?

1. Oral stage.

2. Anal stage.

3. Phallic stage.

4. Genital stage.

Question 14

Which of the following terms refers to an attempt by the psychoanalytic therapist to describe a patient's unconscious conflict?

1. Interpretation.

2. Transfer (transference).

3. Projection.

4. Insight.

Question 15

Freud thought the human psyche operated as a ...

1. Plow.

2. Hydraulic system.

3. Telescope.

4. Scientist.

Question 16

A conflict between ego and superego is experienced as ...

1. Objective fear.

2. Neurotic anxiety.

3. Moral fear.

4. Psychological anxiety.

Question 17

Apologies or acceptable explanations for unacceptable behavior are an example of ...

1. Reaction formation.

2. 'Displacement'.

3. Rationalization.

4. Projection.

Open questions

Question 1

What three parts does the psyche have, according to Freud?

Question 2

What is the therapy Freud developed called?

Question 3

What psychosexual stages does Freud distinguish in childhood?

Question 4

What basic urges are, according to Freud, underlying psychic energy?

Question 5

According to which mechanisms do the id, ego and superego work?

Question 6

What types of anxiety does Freud distinguish?

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

B. Fixation.

Question 2

C. The unconscious plays an important role in human functioning.

Question 3

A. Rationalization.

Question 4

A. 'Survival' selection.

Question 5

C. Darwin (libido, thanatos).

Question 6

A. Interpretation.

Question 7

D. Unconscious desires fulfilled by fantasies.

Question 8

D. Always remains constant.

Question 9

B. tells something about someone's unconscious.

Question 10

C. Superego.

Question 11

B. Libido.

Question 12

D. All the above answers are correct.

Question 13

B. Anal stage.

Question 14

A. Interpretation.

Question 15

B. Hydraulic system.

Question 16

C. Moral fear.

Question 17

C. Rationalization.

Answer indication open questions

Question 1

The id, the ego and the superego.

Question 2

Psychoanalysis.

Question 3

Oral phase, anal phase, phallic phase and latency phase.

Question 4

Sex and aggression. The instinct of life (libido) and the instinct of death (thanatos).

Question 5

The id works with primary process thinking, thinking without logic. Dreams and fantasy are examples of this. Fulfilling wishes is central.

The ego works according to the reality principle. The ego understands that the id's wishes sometimes conflict with reality. It works according to the secondary process thinking, developing strategies for solving problems.

The superego is the part of the mind that internalizes the values, morals, and ideals of society.

Question 6

Objective anxiety is fear. This anxiety is a response to threats from the environment. Neurotic anxiety occurs in a conflict between the id and the ego. There is a danger of the ego losing control of an unacceptable desire of the id. Moral anxiety is caused by a conflict between ego and superego. The person wants to meet a certain standard.

How do motives and personality relate to each other? - Exams 10 (2)

Open questions

Question 1

What method is used to distinguish real from false memories?

Question 2

In what ways does Erik Erikson's theory differ from Freud's theory?

Question 3

In what ways does Karen Horney's theory differ from Freud's theory?

Question 4

What is meant by the term 'object relations'?

Question 5

List three differences between modern psychoanalysts and Freud's psychoanalytic theory.

Question 6

What is a motive and what is it based on?

Question 7

What, according to Murray, provides for satisfaction of needs?

Question 8

What are the Three Big motifs and what do they mean?

Question 9

Describe Maslow's pyramid.

MC questions

Question 1

What did Freud and Erikson agree most about?

1. That people can get fixated

2. That people go through development stages

3. That every stage has a development crisis

4. All the above answers are correct

Question 2

Adults with what relationship style shy away from romance and believe that love has a limited shelf life?

1. The ambivalent style

2. The sure style

3. The avoidant style

4. None of the above answers are correct

Question 3

What is the memory model that suggests that information is stored by associations with other elements of memory?

1. Cognitive unconscious

2. "Confirmatory bias"

3. Spreading activation (brain activation; recognition)

4. Internalized objects

Question 4

Research on subliminal perception suggests

1. that it usually affects people's motivation

2. that information can enter the memory unconsciously

3. that subliminal perception is not possible

4. answers A and B are both correct

Question 5

According to Horney, most of the differences between boys and girls can be attributed to:

1. genes

2. hormones

3. differences between the successful completion of the phallic stage

4. cultural differences

Question 6

What is the memory model that suggests that information is stored by associations with other elements of memory?

1. Cognitive unconscious

2. Confirmatory bias

3. Spreading activation

4. Internalized objects

Question 7

Erikson's fifth stage is identity versus ...

1. inferiority

2. stagnation

3. role confusion

4. insulation

Question 8

Which relationship style is characterized by the fewest problems?

1. The sure style

2. The avoidant style

3. The ambivalent style

4. The separated ('separated') style

Question 9

Motivational psychologists ask

1. What people like

2. How people actually work

3. Why people love sex so much

4. What moves people to do what they do

Question 10

Beta-press concerns:

1. Strength of a motif

2. Strength of a need

3. Objective features of the environment

4. Subjective view of the environment

Question 11

What did Rogers try in client-centered therapy?

1. Get a person back on the road to self-actualization

2. Solve a person's problems

3. Interpret a person's problems

4. All the above answers are correct

Question 12

Which of the following terms indicates what is important to people?

1. Properties

2. Emotions

3. Self-esteem needs

4. Observations

Question 13

According to Murray, people would intentionally increase tension

1. when they suffer from mental illness

2. because they want attention from others

3. because they like voltage reduction

4. none of the above answers are correct

Question 14

Which term best describes understanding a person from his or her point of view?

1. Positive regard

2. Genuine acceptance

3. Empathy

4. Reflection

Question 15

People who score high on performance motivation need prefer tasks with which level of difficulty?

1. Low

2. High

3. Moderate (in between)

4. It depends on the task

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Confirmation, or hearing a witness who can confirm the recalled event.

Question 2

Erik Erikson emphasizes social tasks and extended the development span across life.

Question 3

Karen Horney was the first psychoanalyst to focus on the role of culture and social roles in personality development. Horney also started a feminist reinterpretation of Freud's theories.

Question 4

Object relations theory has been one of the most important theoretical developments in psychoanalysis since Freud's death. The term object relations means the behavioral patterns in relation to others, as well as the emotional, cognitive and motivational processes underlying these behavioral patterns.

Question 5

1. Instead of focusing on unconscious conflicts of the id, psychoanalysts now focus on interpersonal patterns of behavior and the emotions and motives that accompany them.

2. Psychoanalysts now see personality as the result of solving a number of social crises and increasingly mature relationships with others, rather than a result of sexual conflict with parents, as Freud thought.

3. Freud's theory was based only on his vision. Current psychoanalysis is based on multi-person observations and linked to empirical research.

Question 6

Motives are internal states that create excitement and direct behavior toward a particular goal. Motives are based on needs.

Question 7

The stress reduction process ensures the satisfaction of needs and not the state of relaxation.

Question 8

First you have the need for achievement, this is the desire to perform well, to be successful and to have a sense of competence. This includes cultural differences and gender differences. Second, you have a need for power. This is the desire to have an impact on others. Finally, you have a need for intimacy. This is the desire to build warm and satisfying relationships with others. This is not equivalent to extroversion.

Question 9

First, there are physiological needs such as air, water, sex, etc. Second, there are safety needs such as having an orderly life and protection. Third, there is the need for social contact, this is the need to belong to a group and to be respected. Fourth, there is a need for appreciation and recognition. Finally, there is the need for self-actualization, the need to be the person you want to be.

Answer indication MC questions

1. D

2. C

3. C

4. D

5. D

6. C

7. C

8. C

9. D

10. D

11. A

12. C

13. C

14. C

15. A

What is the cognitive approach to personality? - Exams 11 (2)

Open questions

Question 1

What are the three levels of cognition that personality psychologists are interested in and what do they involve?

Question 2

What is a postmodernist and who is it characteristic of?

Question 3

What is learned helplessness?

Question 4

Explain what self-efficacy means.

MC questions

Question 1

Someone who relates events to past experiences is involved in:

1. personalizing cognition

2. objectifying cognition

3. causal attribution

4. defensive pessimism

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

There are three levels, the first is perception. Perception is the ordering of information that we have received through our emotional organs. The second level is conscious goals: people develop certain beliefs about what is important in life and what goals are appropriate to pursue. The third and last level is the interpretation: explaining world events by means of own interpretations.

Question 2

Kelly was a postmodernist. This means that he believed that every person and every culture has a version of reality that is unique.

Question 3

Learned helplessness occurs when a person experiences an inevitable, aversive situation. These feelings create a circular response, which is influenced by the attribution style that someone has.

Question 4

Self-efficacy is the confidence to be able to perform a certain action in order to achieve a goal.

Answer indication MC questions

1. A

How do intelligence and personality relate to each other? - Exams 12 (2)

Open questions

Question 1

Explain the implicit and explicit theory of intelligence.

Question 2

How is the IQ calculated?

Question 3

What is emotional intelligence?

MC questions

Question 1

What does the IQ accurately represent?

1. How well someone has performed on a given intelligence test

2. How intelligent someone is

3. Answer A and B are both correct

4. Answer A and B are both incorrect

Question 2

Which of the following methods is a statistical approach that identifies groups of items that co-exist?

1. Orthogonality

2. Factor analysis

3. The 'act-frequency' approach

4. The rational scale construction

Question 3

IQ tests are usually interpreted as measurements of

1. Achievement intelligence

2. Aptitude intelligence

3. Emotional intelligence

4. None of the above answers are correct

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Implicit theories assess intelligence based on a person's behavior and appearance. Explicit theories assess intelligence based on conclusions from studies of intelligence differences between individuals.

Question 2

The IQ can be calculated by dividing the mental age by the chronic age and then multiplying the number by 100.

Question 3

Emotional intelligence is the ability to reason accurately about emotions and use these emotions to strengthen their own mindset.

Answer indication MC questions

1. A

2. B

3. B

How do emotions and personality relate to each other? - ExamTests 13 (2)

MC-questions

Question 1

Which of the following qualities is correlated with hostility?

1. Agreeableness (kindness).

2. Neuroticism.

3. Extraversion.

4. Answer A and B are both correct.

Question 2

Emotional content and emotional style:

1. Correlate at high levels.

2. Correlate at moderate levels.

3. Correlate at low levels.

4. Do not correlate at all.

Open questions

Question 1

What is the difference between an emotional state and an emotional trait?

Question 2

What is emotional content and what is emotional style?

Question 3

Name and explain the two models for the relationship between personality and feeling good / happy.

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

D. Answer A and B are both correct.

Question 2

A. Correlate at high levels.

Answer indication open questions

Question 1

Emotional state is temporary and has more to do with the context of a situation. An emotional pull is a pattern of emotional responses that is consistent across situations.

Question 2

Emotional content is an emotional experience of an individual, which can be divided into pleasant and unpleasant emotions. The emotional style describes how someone experiences emotions and how he / she deals with them.

Question 3

In the direct model, personality is seen as the cause of emotional reactions. In the indirect model, personality creates a certain lifestyle, which subsequently triggers emotional reactions.

How is the self-concept created? - Exams 14 (2)

Open questions

Question 1

Explain the difference between self-concept and social identity.

Question 2

What is the difference between the ideal self and the expected self?

Question 3

Can shy people be called introverted and why / why?

Question 4

What are the two important aspects of identity?

Question 5

What is the difference between identity issues and identity conflicts?

MC questions

Question 1

When someone intentionally does something that increases the chances of failure, they are involved in:

1. Promotion focus

2. Preventive focus

3. Defensive pessimism

4. Self-handicapping

Question 2

People who like social contact but are restrained by uncertainty are best described as:

1. People who miss a self-schedule

2. People with low self-esteem

3. People with an identity crisis

4. People who are shy

Question 3

How is the idea that identity remains relatively stable?

1. Identity contrast

2. Identity shortage (deficit)

3. Identity conflict

4. Continuity of identity

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

The self-concept is the basis through which someone can understand himself, a social identity is what someone shows of himself to others.

Question 2

The ideal self is the one who wants to be the person. The expected self is how the person thinks the environment thinks he or she should be.

Question 3

Shy people interpret social interaction negatively and expect others to dislike them. Nevertheless, they like friendship and social interactions, so they are not naturally introverted. Shy people are more reserved because of their fears and insecurities.

Question 4

The two important aspects of identity are continuity and contrast. Continuity means that people are usually the same person tomorrow as they are today. Contrast means that everyone has a different social identity, which makes everyone unique.

Question 5

Identity problems do not create a 'correct' identity, which can cause a person to have problems with important choices. In an identity conflict, two or more aspects of the identity conflict.

Answer indication MC questions

1. D

2. D

3. D

What are interpersonal aspects of personality? - Exams 15 (2)

Open questions

Question 1

What are the three ways in which personality increases social interaction?

Question 2

What is situation selection related to and what is it?

Question 3

What is assortative mating?

Question 4

What characterizes narcissism?

MC questions

Question 1

Which manipulation tactics do people who score low on intellect-openness (to experience) tend to use the most?

1. Reasoning

2. Social comparison

3. Regression

4. Silent treatment

Question 2

Which of the following alternatives is most important to most people when choosing a partner?

1. Looking good

2. Health

3. Political ideology

4. Personality

Question 3

Another term for self-fulfilling prophecies' is

1. 'expectancy confirmation'

2. 'Assertive mating'

3. 'Violation of desire'

4. manipulation

Question 4

When a person's behavior unintentionally provokes a certain reaction in another, we speak of:

1. manipulation

2. selection

3. evocation

4. all the above answers are correct

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

The three ways are: evocation (personality traits evoke reactions in others and vice versa), selection (one seeks social situations and certain people themselves), and manipulation (one wants to influence others in a positive and negative sense).

Question 2

Situation selection means that people avoid or seek out certain situations. This can depend on personality dispositions, but also on someone's self-image.

Question 3

Assortative mating 'is the selection of relationship partners who resemble themselves in terms of personality.

Question 4

Narcissism is characterized by exhibitionism, a sense of grandiose, self-centeredness and exploiting other people.

Answer indication MC questions

1. B

2. D

3. A

4. C

How does gender affect personality? - Exams 16 (2)

Open questions

Question 1

What are gender differences and what are gender stereotypes?

Question 2

What does effect size mean and what is a small / medium / large effect?

Question 3

Why is low self-esteem a predictor of depression and antisocial behavior?

Question 4

What causes women to suffer from depression earlier than men?

Question 5

Which three components consist of sex stereotypes?

MC questions

Question 1

Sex differences in depression

1. are found throughout life

2. are found only in childhood

3. are most commonly found in adolescence and adulthood

4. are most commonly found in old age

Question 2

Men tend to have higher scores than women on:

1. Aggressiveness

2. Warmth

3. Neuroticism

4. Conscientiousness

Question 3

What is social learning theory a variant of?

1. The hormonal theory

2. Socialization theory (Boys and girls are rewarded differently; boys masculine, girls feminine = learning theory of Bandura)

3. The social role theory (Different roles for women and men)

4. Evolutionary Theory (Darwin)

Question 4

People who are performance-oriented and short on time:

1. Do not have a Type A personality

2. Have a greater chance of heart problems

3. Have a smaller chance of heart problems

4. None of the above answers are correct

Question 5

Contrary to factual differences, views on the ways in which men and women differ:

1. called ' sex differences'

2. called ' gender differences'

3. described as adaptive problems

4. called ' gender stereotypes'

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

Sex differences are the differences between men and women in behavior, personality and certain characteristics. Sex stereotype is what is believed to be the differences between man and woman.

Question 2

Effect size is the difference between two averages, expressed in standard deviations. An effect size of 0.20 is small, one of 0.50 is medium, and one of 0.80 is large, so best.

Question 3

Low self-esteem is a predictor of depression and antisocial behavior because these people are less able to deal with stress.

Question 4

Women experience earlier depression because they have a weaker position on the labor market, because they have less control over important things in life, and because they have a lower status in relationships.

Question 5

Sex stereotypes consist of a cognitive aspect, an affective component and a behavioral component.

Answer indication MC questions

1. C

2. A

3. B

4. D

5. D

Are there major differences in personality between different cultures? - Exams 17 (2)

Open questions

Question 1

What are the three points with which psychologists explain personality differences between cultures?

Question 2

What does the term acculturation mean?

Question 3

What is the 'Worfan hypothesis of linguistic relativity'?

MC questions

Question 1

Cultural differences are most evident

1. in the expression of emotions

2. in the recognition of emotional expressions

3. in the dimensional structure of personality traits

4. in the self-concepts

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

First you have the evoked culture. These are qualities that every person possesses, but which are only evident in some cultures. Second, you have culture transfer. These are the representations spread by interaction. Finally, you have cultural universes. These are traits that occur in all cultures.

Question 2

Acculturation is the process of adapting to life in a new culture.

Question 3

This hypothesis states that the language of a country is responsible for creating thoughts and experiences.

Answer indication MC questions

1. D

How do stress and health affect personality and vice versa? - ExamTests 18 (2)

MC-questions

Question 1

What is an example of a 'daily hassle'?

1. A move.

2. The household.

3. Pregnancy.

4. A new job.

Question 2

Which of the following alternatives is not a model of the relationships between health and behavior?

1. The circumplex model (power - love).

2. The interaction model (disease due to stress) 2y.

3. The transactional model (illness due to stress).

4. The predispositional model (disease due to stress).

Question 3

Which of the following models is not a model in which relationships are established between behavior and health?

1. The circumplex model.

2. The interactional model.

3. The transactional model.

4. The predispositional model.

Open questions

Question 1

What is stress and what are the different types of stress?

Question 2

Explain the phases of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS).

Question 3

Explain the three coping strategies that deal with positive emotions.

Question 4

What are the two cognitive events that must take place to create stress, according to Lazarus?

Answer indication MC-questions

Question 1

B. The household.

Question 2

A. The circumplex model (power - love).

Question 3

A. The circumplex model.

Answer indication open questions

Question 1

Stress is a subjective feeling that is the result of uncontrollable and threatening events (stressors). These are often extreme situations with unpleasant consequences that cannot be influenced. Stress can be divided into four types: acute stress, traumatic stress, episodic acute stress, and chronic stress.

Question 2

When a person is exposed to stress, a certain pattern of emotional and physiological responses follows. First there is the alarm phase, which consists of the fight or flight response of the sympathetic nervous system. If the stress persists, the resistance phase follows. Resistance to a stressor is offered, but it costs a lot of energy. If the stress still persists, one enters the exhaustion phase. In this phase, people often get sick because their physiological resources are exhausted.

Question 3

First you have the coping strategy called positive revaluation. This is a cognitive process in which someone focuses on good things that happen or have happened. The second strategy is problem focus coping. Here thoughts and behavior are used to manage underlying causes of stress. Finally, there is the creation of positive events. This creates a positive time-out from the stress.

Question 4

These two cognitive events are called the primary valuation and the secondary valuation. The primary appreciation arises because an event puts pressure on a person's personal goals. This should be followed by secondary appreciation where the person realizes that he or she does not have the resources to deal with the event.

What are personality disorders? - Exams 19 (2)

Open questions

Question 1

What is a psychological disorder?

Question 2

What is a personality disorder?

Question 3

What is the dimensional model of personality?

Question 4

What are the causes for developing a personality disorder?

MC questions

Question 1

Fill in: A woman who uses excessive makeup has a good chance of ... a personality disorder.

1. Histrionic

2. Antisocial

3. Borderline

4. Dependent

Question 2

Which of the characteristics below is typical for someone with a histrionic personality disorder?

1. Sense of superiority

2. Pathological jealousy

3. Attracting attention

4. Use of physical violence

Question 3

Which personality disorders are classified in the same cluster?

1. Dependent personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

2. Dependent personality disorder and borderline personality disorder

3. Dependent personality disorder and schizotypal personality disorder

4. Dependent personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

A psychological disorder consists of a pattern of behavior or experience that causes stress or pain in a person and that can lead to inability or damage in different areas of life.

Question 2

A personality disorder is a long-lasting pattern of experiences and behavior that is very different from the expectations of the person's culture. These deviating patterns arise from experiences, thoughts and interactions with the world.

Question 3

In the dimensional model of personality, the differences between people with normal personality traits and people with disorders are distinguished in terms of the degree of the disorder, the rigidity of the disorder, and the degree of adjustment.

Question 4

Both biological and environmental factors influence the development of a personality disorder. Heredity plays a greater role in antisocial and schizotypal disorders, while environmental factors play a greater role in borderline.

Answer indication MC questions

1. A

2. C

3. A

Which six domains exist within personality psychology? - Exams 20 (2)

Open questions

Question 1

Briefly explain the 6 domains of personality psychology.

Answer indication Open questions

Question 1

First there is the biological domain (physiology, genetics and evolution). In this domain, a lot of research is being done into the influence of physical and biological functioning on the personality. Secondly, there is the intrapsychical domain (psychoanalysis, motivation and dynamics). This domain is about the influence of factors in our consciousness on behavior, thoughts and emotions. The third domain is the dispositional domain (properties, taxonomy and stability). This domain examines which aspects of personality are stable and what makes people so different from each other. The fourth domain is the cognitive experience domain (cognition, intelligence, emotion and self). This domain represents subjective experiences and other mental processes. The fifth domain is the socio-cultural domain (relationship, sex and culture). Here the social and cultural aspects of personality are central. Finally, there is the adaptation domain (stress, coping and disorders). This domain is about the role of personality and positive emotions with regard to health.