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Law and administration

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What is law and administration?

  • What is law?
    •   Law as a field of study, delves into the systems of rules and principles that govern human conduct within a society. It encompasses the creation, interpretation, and enforcement of these rules to establish order, protect rights, and achieve justice.
  • What is administration?
    • Administration, as a field of study, focuses on the principles, practices, and skills needed to effectively manage and organize people, resources, and processes to achieve organizational goals. It's about ensuring smooth operations, efficient resource allocation, and meeting the needs of stakeholders
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SPOTLIGHT

Law: summaries of legendary standard works, literature and manuals

Law: summaries of legendary standard works, literature and manuals

An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure

An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure

International Criminal Law and Procedure by Cryer e.a.

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Part A: Introduction

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Chapter 1: Aspects of international criminal law

Introduction

Public international law primarily regulates interactions between States. However, international criminal law is mainly concerned with the conduct of individual persons. If persons violate international laws, that imposes the obligation on States to penalise such actions. International criminal law has been rapidly developing following the Second World War. This means that the broader field of international law is increasingly focusing on protecting humans rather than only the interests and obligations of States. An exception to this is that the crime of aggression can only be committed by (high-ranking) State officials. The project of international criminal law is quite recent.. Especially the Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda established in the 1990s have been important for its case law. International criminal courts and tribunals courts do not possess universal jurisdiction. Their rules are not always homogeneous or consistent. This can be explained partially by the fact that international criminal rules derive from a variety of sources. War crimes, for example, have developed from international humanitarian law. Genocide and crimes against humanity have evolved together with international human rights standards. War crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity and the crime of aggression constitute the most important crimes on which international law focuses. These are also the crimes to which the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court is limited......read more

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Summary of International Criminal Law and Procedure by Cryer
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Summary with the 1st edition of Comparative Law by Siems

Summary with the 1st edition of Comparative Law by Siems

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Why is there a need to compare laws? - Chapter 1

Most lawyers are completely trained in the law of their own jurisdiction. When they leave the borders of their own country, they can feel lost. Comparative law aims to address this problem. But where do you have to start? And which method should you apply?

1. Why compare laws?

How to get into comparative-law thinking

Becoming interested in comparative law happens most of the time quite naturally. Assume that a lawyer from country A is dealing with a tricky problem and someone suggests that it can help to look at the neighbouring country B. The lawyer finds a similar rule in country B and starts wondering why it’s slightly different. This is how the lawyer will slide into comparative law, he will start to do research at the background of the domestic and foreign legal rules and might even look at country C.

Purposes of comparative law

Comparative lawyers often use different classifications when they discuss the objectives of comparative law. Three categories can be distinguished:

  • knowledge and understanding: knowledge of foreign laws is valuable where these laws are relevant for the domestic legal system. Knowledge of foreign laws can make lawyers of students reflect on their own laws. Next to that, comparative law broadens the understanding of how legal rules work in context.

  • use of comparative law at the domestic level: foreign law can be an important aid to the legislator. It can provide models of how well different sets of legal rules work in addressing a particular problem. Also judges can make use of foreign law. In some cases conflict of law rules may require them to do so, but in other cases, judges may wish to take the foreign ideas into account. A potential problem may be that the context of foreign law may be different and there may problems concerning national sovereignty.

  • use at

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Summary with International Business Law: Custom Edition Groningen University

Summary with International Business Law: Custom Edition Groningen University

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What is Law? - Chapter 1

 

This chapter aims to consider law, both as a concept and within its wide context.

What is the definition of law?

Law is the set of rules by which a state or community operates; they govern the actions of the subjects and can be enforced by the imposition of penalties, such as fines or imprisonment.

How does law relate to its subjects?

Law is applicable in social, political and economic disciplines; it relates to all citizens. It is a body of rules that concern many different subjects, such as people, animals, companies and institutions. It outlines both substantive rules of law and the procedures people use when law is applied or enforced.

Everyday examples of the laws that relate to citizens include:

  1. Statute: law passed by Parliament.
  2. Government and EU regulations: these regulations are put in place as protection from the wrongdoings of service providers.
  3. The right to use property is governed by a variety of legal rules, such as statutes, case law or both.
  4. There are statutory penalties for crimes such as burglary.

Law is necessary to maintain order in society. Without law, the state would be disorganised, leading to chaos. Formal regulation is needed in order to regulate the affairs of not just human activity but also larger companies and public bodies.

Does law have boundaries?

It is important to not view law in isolation. Law consists of a set of subjects that all have an impact on each other. Law is at the centre of an interlinked variation of academic disciplines. When studying law, boundaries must be waived; law must be viewed within context. Lawyers must also be aware of the dynamics of law; how it works and why.

How does law relate to morality?

Law must be able to provide some guidance about how to conduct oneself. It sets a standard as to how people can be judged. In

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Summary of International Law by Shaw: 7th edition

Summary of International Law by Shaw: 7th edition

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Chapter A The nature and development of international law

The principal actors in international law are nation-states, not individual citizens like in domestic or municipal law. International law is divided into conflict of law, private international law and public international law. The latter is usually termed ‘international law’. Public international law covers relations between states in all their forms, and regulates the operations of the many international institutions. It may be universal or general, binding upon all states, or regional, binding upon a select group of states.

International law has no legislature. There is no system of courts operating outside the situation when both parties agree and recognize the concerned Court. International law is constituted in a very different manner than domestic law. Also, there is no unified system of sanctions in international law, but there are circumstances in which the use of force is regarded as justified and legal. Within the United Nations, the Security Council can impose sanctions upon the determination of a threat to the peace, a breach of the peace or an act of aggression. Such sanctions may be economic or military. Another justification of the use of force is in the case of self-defense, but it is bound to rules provided by international law. It is important to realize that states do feel the need to obey the rules of international law, because if they do not act accordingly, the system of international law ceases to exist.

The international system

The international system has a horizontal structure; all states are considered equal. In municipal law, the law is above individuals, but in international law the law only exists between the states. Also, in municipal law, the individual has no influence on the creation of law. In international law, states create it themselves, as international law consists mostly of agreements and treaties developed and signed by states. An important element for states in order to obey international law is the principle of reciprocity. States often do not pursue one particular course of action which might bring them short-term gains, because it could disrupt the mesh of reciprocal tolerance which could bring long-term

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Summary of International Law by Shaw: 6th edition
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Summaries per chapter with the 2nd edition of International Law by Henriksen

Summaries per chapter with the 2nd edition of International Law by Henriksen

Summaries per chapter with the 2nd edition of International Law by Henriksen

With this book, Anders Henriksen has created a complete overview of international law. The book starts of with the basics of international law. All the important terms are discussed in detail. Comparisons are made between international and national but also EU-law.

After the explanation of the basics, different types of law are discussed. The influence of international law is made clear in this respect. The law of the sea, human rights law, environmental law and economic law all fall under international law for some part, but they differ from each other in certain aspects. What complicates this even more, is that states and international organizations also have established their own rules.

Lastly, it is discussed how international law can be enforced and what happens when it is not obeyed. The book touches on peaceful dispute settlement, use of force, armed conflicts and international criminal law, and the relation between these breaches and solutions of international law.

The book is written especially for students, so everything is neatly structured and clearly explained. This book is perfect for beginning students who are just starting to learn about international law but also provides a very complete and detailed understanding of international law. The fact that de book starts of with the basics and later dives into the more complex issues, makes the material very understandable.

Summaries and supporting content: 
What are the foundations and structure of international law? - Chapter 1 - Exclusive
What are the sources of international law? - Chapter 2 - Exclusive
How does the law of treaties work? - Chapter 3 - Exclusive
Who are the actors in the international legal system? - Chapter 4 - Exclusive
How is the issue of Jurisdiction organized under international law? - Chapter 5 - Exclusive
What is the role of immunity from national jurisdiction and diplomatic protection in international law? - Chapter 6 - Exclusive
What is the state's responsibility under international law? - Chapter 7 - Exclusive
What is the international law of the sea? - Chapter 8 - Exclusive
What is the role of international human rights law? - Chapter 9 - Exclusive
What is the role of international environmental law? - Chapter 10 - Exclusive
What is international economic law? - Chapter 11 - Exclusive
How are disputes handled in a peaceful manner under international law? - Chapter 12 - Exclusive
What are the international regulations on the use of force? - Chapter 13 - Exclusive
What are the laws on armed conflicts? - Chapter 14 - Exclusive
What is international criminal law? - Chapter 15 - Exclusive
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Law & Public Administration: summaries and study notes of standard articles - Bundle

Law & Public Administration: summaries and study notes of standard articles - Bundle

Philosophy of Science: The origins of law: nature or science?

Philosophy of Science: The origins of law: nature or science?

The origins of law: nature or science?

As a general proposition, laws are too diverse in order to classify them within a single universal definition. What can be certain is that searching for laws is one of the main goals of natural science. The laws of nature ascend from written law made by men. They are presumed precepts of society; dictates of public conscience and formulate a common consensus of morality. A salient question is whether the laws of nature originate naturally from the world or from some supernatural, divine force. Further, whether laws of nature create a package of rules to regulate society or whether they just describe facts and procedure. The answers to these questions depend on what force the laws of nature take, how necessary they are and whether other laws are contingent upon them, whether the laws of nature are distinct and express propositions or rather unintentional generalisations. This introduction shows that there is no overarching philosophical theory of the laws of nature. This is further evinced through an analysis of how difficult it is to relate the various law disciplines to each other (such as physics, chemistry, biology, psychology etc.).

What is the purpose of laws?

Explaining whether laws strictly define or merely suggest the operation of nature is a question usually posed in historical or scientific debates. It was not until the scientific revolution that the idea of scientific law came into being. A balance must be struck between the precedence of divine legislation on one hand, and laws generated from science on the other. Interestingly, though, the creators of scientific law were heavily involved with social, legal and moral order, and thus the laws of nature. God’s will is the origin of such laws, whether they are considered to be laws of nature, descriptions of moral behaviour or laws of how things work. For example, the law of intertia, authored by René Descartes (1596 – 1650) and the order of nature described by Montesquieu (1689 – 1755) were expressly stated to be associated to the purpose of God. However, in as early as the year of 1220, philosophers such as Roger Bacon (1220 – 1292) and Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630) formulated a type of law that was expressly related to nature, but not to theology. Conceptions of law thus evolved that made descriptions of or gave explanations for nature without making a logical connection to the will of God. From this, the phenomena of prediction, explanation and induction developed.

Following the scientific revolution, laws became something more than mere sources of nature. Laws became regularities, formulated from being deduced or inductively inferred from phenomena and subsequently used in predictions or explanations as required by the new science of mechanics (or the science of ‘how things work’). Laws are generally regarded as imposing rules on the way of life, to regulate the way it is. However, the regularities formulated from the science of mechanics are less considered to prescribe how things work (or should work). Rather, they describe the way things already are. David Hume (1711 – 1776) approved this approach in his empiricist tradition and support for the theory of induction (despite its criticism in 20th century philosophy at the waning of positivism and waxing of both scientific realism and metaphysics).

Scientific theories of laws

Scientific theories have accepted the possibility of predicting every single possible future moment in the world, as well as retrospectively and accurately assessing every single past moment that has taken place. Pierre Simon Laplace (1749 – 1827), who was inspired by Newtonian mechanics, enunciated this theory. Laplace worked with the relationship between matter particles and matter of the universe. Given the weight Laplace attributed to prediction, he theorised laws that have determinative value. These laws can contrast to probabilistic laws, which only attribute probability for phenomena and processes to occur. Such laws do not fall within the category of being the most fundamental laws of reality, however, they may nonetheless be the most realistic type of law. Non-determination can realistically be an aspect of the laws of nature. Without a standard philosophy on what laws of nature are, they can equally be non-determinative as they are determinative of human behaviour.

Causal laws are known as laws that relate to natural processes, whether or not they have determinative value, and whether or not they relate to earlier or later stages (or both). The interaction between causal laws and causation is controversial. This is especially so, in light of analysing the interplay between physical quantities with other kinds of transformation. The concept of symmetry plays an important role in this equation and is an essential force behind understanding the laws of nature. It is not as simple as one plus one equals two, but it is a formula that becomes more simple to discern once the contingency of laws are recognised. This allows one to depict a causal relation between laws that are dependent on other laws – as it requires the necessary law to come first, so that the dependent law can follow, logically and as a matter of causation.

Philosophical theories of laws

Philosophical theories of law are based on ontology, which is the philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, existence or reality. Empiricists often work within fruitful boundaries of ontology and unfruitful boundaries of metaphysics. Empiricists take a different approach to proponents of necessitation theories. The latter argue that some facts about the world are responsible for the force inherent in the laws of nature. By contrast, the empiricist approach starts with explaining what was in the beginning without using what is in the now to explain what happened in the past. This is the prevailing approach today that takes its form under the regularity theory.

The regularity theory suggests that the laws of nature are universal truths. Further, that laws can be expressed by quantity and predicated by quality. Being a cosmic reality, such as ‘it is impossible to count the number of sand grains on the beach’ and ‘birds fly’, is sufficient for being a law. This theory is an expression of logical positivism: that laws can only be scientifically verified (and thus distinguished from metaphysics). The problem with this theory is that laws can be recognised that are not necessarily cosmic regularities. For example, probabilistic laws depend on the partial truth of probability rather than the full truth of universality. Further, laws that are not universal (such as Newton’s first law: that objects without external force will remain at rest and/or in a straight line) may still be recognised as a genuine law of nature. Thus, the fact that the regularity theory suggests that the laws of nature are universal truths; is a weakness in the theory, because it is equally arguable that the laws of nature are laws that are not constitutive of such truths. A further issue with the regularity theory is that it is hard to distinguish between distinct and express propositions and unintentional generalisations.

The regularity theory and genuine laws of nature found therein are based on the notion of counterfactuals rather than accidentals and counterlegals. For an example of a counterfactual: if a bird had no wings it would not fly. Accordingly, it is a universal truth that birds fly with wings. This shows that counterfactuals are dependent on having a certain account of truth conditions. The truth conditions in the example were that birds have wings and that wings are the only way in which birds can fly. The difficulty with this approach arises in distinguishing between counterfactuals, which are true, and counterlegals, which have already determined what the relevant laws of nature, are. The problems in the regularity theory have opened the gateway to necessitation alternatives.

Necessitation theories draw on the relationship between facts in the world and the laws of nature. The first type of necessitation theory considers laws to be grounded in universal truths. The presence of the relation between two facts (such as the fact that birds need wings in order to fly) presumes a type of necessity between relevant counterfactuals. Cosmic regularity is present in this relationship – but only as a matter of accident rather than necessary intention. The second type of necessitation theory addresses how laws can be created from the causal power of dispositional objects. On this approach, the laws of nature codify types of natural behaviour that have been influenced by intrinsic causal powers.

Laws: more than a mere explanation?

The law is general enough to be described as possessing an explanatory and descriptive power, as well as an imposing and prescriptive power. What must be emphasised, is that it will never be sufficient to merely describe the law as having an explanatory power. The law serves a bigger purpose than merely generalising facts and phenomena. A contingent generalization (in the sense of an explanation), according to David Lewis (1941 – 2001), is only a law of nature if it equates to an axiomatic statement in a deductive system. On this note, explanatory accounts are helpful to the extent that they explain how a certain phenomenon was brought about (as proposed by Carl Hempel (1905 – 1997)). Above all, issues of causation, determinism and symmetry give rise to questions that cannot be answered.

Summaries of articles on law and rights

Summaries of articles on law and rights

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Profiles, probabilities and stereotypes – Frederick Schauer

In stigmatizing an entire profession because of the behavior of a minority, or in engaging in similar attributions in other areas of decisionmaking, we undertake a process of generalization. “Painting with a broad brush,” the slightly pejorative expression puts it. To refer to the practice as stereotyping intensifies the condemnation, and these days to describe it as profiling condemns more strongly still. Yet regardless of the label the structure of the decision is the same. On the basis of a characteristic of some members of a class, we reach conclusions or make decisions about the entire class.

Decisionmaking by generalization is the stock in trade of the insurance industry. To be an actuary is to be a specialist in generalization, and actuaries engage in a form of decisionmaking that is sometimes called actuarial. Actuaries guide insurance companies in making decisions about large categories that have the effect of attributing to the entire category certain characteristics that are probabilistically indicated by membership in the category, but that still may not be possessed by a particular member of the category. Occasionally the actuarial generalizations of the insurance industry become controversial (for example that gay men pay more for health insure because as a class they have a statistically greater likelihood of contracting the HIV virus), but in the vast majority of instances the actuarial behavior of the insurance industry is accepted simply as a fact of life.

Insurance companies, of course, are not the only ones who operate actuarially. We all do, with far more frequency than most people typically acknowledge.

We cannot so easily dismiss the practice of stereotyping or profiling as necessarily morally wrong.

Nonspurious: generalizations that do have a sound statistical basis

  • Universal: all of the x’s are y (mostly used by philosophers)

  • Definitional source of the universality: in many cases universal generalizations are universal as a matter of definition (“all bachelors are unmarried”).

  • Empirical source of the universality: sometimes, however, universal generalizations are universal not for definition al reasons but for empirical ones; some fact about the world and not about the word makes the generalizations universal. For example: until black swans were discovered, “all swans are white” was a universal generalizations; but the possibility remained open, even then, that there could be black swans, unlike the possibility, nonexistent by definition, that there could be married bachelors.

  • Not universal: “Swiss cheese has holes,” “Philosophers are

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Proportionality in constitutional law

Proportionality in constitutional law

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Proportionality in constitutional law (Schlink)

Suppose you’re a Judge on a fictitious moral court. No precedents, no statutes, each case is decided on its moral merits only. Two neighbors come before you: Pete and Mike. Pete took Mike’s car without asking and didn’t return until the next evening. Mike wasn’t able to pick up his elderly mother at the lonely bus station. The mother had to be taken to the hospital with frostbite. Mike thinks Pete should at least apologize for his immoral behaviour. Pete is truly sorry, but he thinks he shouldn’t be morally blamed. What would you do as a Judge? Pete explains that he had to bring his pregnant wife, who’s water had broken, to the hospital. He couldn’t use his own car, because he needed a four-wheel drive car due to the heavy snow fall. He didn’t ask for Mike’s permission, because they often borrow eachother’s things without asking and he didn’t want te wake him up in the middle of the night. Mike tells you he had told Pete of his plans to pick up his mother the next morning. Pete is sorry, but he knew that someone would drive by and help the old lady. His wife’s situation was a matter of life and death. The hospital confirms this. Also, Pete’s mother has recoverded fast and well. This asks for a proportionality analysis. Pete’s action was legitimate, necessary and there was no alternative to would have harmed Mike and his mother less. Saving his wife’s life was important enough to justify the harm done to the old lady. This shows that proportionality analysis is about means and ends. We justify the action based on the legitimacy of the end pursued and on the helpfullness, necessiy and appropriateness of the action as a means to that end. Thus, when you pursue an end, you must use a means that is necessary, helpful and appropriate. A means that doesn’t help to reach to end isn’t a real means and therefor out of proportion.

 

Proportionality and balancing

The principle of proportionality arises in those cases where specific norms prohibiting or commanding certain means or actions that serve people as means, are lacking in law. An example is the right of self-defense. To find a proper balance, a means-end analysis with the characteristics of proportionality analysis is needed. In legal literature as well as in jurisprudence, we find balancing used both as the last step of proportionality analysis and as the framework for proportionality analysis.

 

Proportionality in Germany

In Germany, the principle of proportionality came into its own in administrative law. According to the norm, the police had to do what was necessary to fight dangers to order and public safety. The norm gave the police a wide discretion. Once the ideas of

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International Law: summaries of legendary standard works, literature and manuals

International Law: summaries of legendary standard works, literature and manuals

Summary: Law of Public International Organizations

Summary: Law of Public International Organizations

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Chapter 1: Introduction

The activities of international organizations are subject to law, and give rise to law. Each and every international organization has a set of rules relating to its own functioning. As international organizations do not exist in a vacuum, their activities are also bound to exercise some influence on other legal systems, and absorb the influence of such systems. While it is possible that international organizations are influenced by, and exert influence on, the law of individual nation-states, the more direct and influential links usually exist within the body of rules known as international law.

Critical legal theory

The law of international organizations is still somewhat immature. On numerous points the law lacks certainty. In particular, international legal doctrine has a hard time coming to terms with the relationship between an international organization and the very states which are its members. On the one hand, the law is supposed to respect the interests of individual states. Yet at the same time, the law must also take the interests of the international community into account. Following the critical legal tradition, international law is bound to swerve back and forth between these two poles of sovereignty and community. It is this tension which makes international legal rules often ultimately uncertain. This tension also reflects in the law of international organizations, for example regarding the so-called principle of attribution of powers. Strict adherents to the notion of state sovereignty will not easily admit the existence of implied powers; yet for the protection of community interests, an implied power may well be deemed desirable.

The main benefit of critical legal theory is its capacity to make visible the inherent tensions and contradictions which help shape the law. In this way it can provide great services in understanding international institutional law.

Defining international organizations

What exactly is an international organization? While it is structurally impossible to define in a comprehensive manner, something which is a social creation (social constructs, created by people in order to help them achieve some purpose) to begin with, it is common in the literature to delimit international organizations in at least some ways. One delimitation often made depends on the body of law governing the activities of the organization. If those activities are governed by international law, we speak of an international organization, or at least of an intergovernmental organization. If those activities are governed by some domestic law, we usually say that the organization in.....read more

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Summary of International Law by Shaw: 7th edition

Summary of International Law by Shaw: 7th edition

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Chapter A The nature and development of international law

The principal actors in international law are nation-states, not individual citizens like in domestic or municipal law. International law is divided into conflict of law, private international law and public international law. The latter is usually termed ‘international law’. Public international law covers relations between states in all their forms, and regulates the operations of the many international institutions. It may be universal or general, binding upon all states, or regional, binding upon a select group of states.

International law has no legislature. There is no system of courts operating outside the situation when both parties agree and recognize the concerned Court. International law is constituted in a very different manner than domestic law. Also, there is no unified system of sanctions in international law, but there are circumstances in which the use of force is regarded as justified and legal. Within the United Nations, the Security Council can impose sanctions upon the determination of a threat to the peace, a breach of the peace or an act of aggression. Such sanctions may be economic or military. Another justification of the use of force is in the case of self-defense, but it is bound to rules provided by international law. It is important to realize that states do feel the need to obey the rules of international law, because if they do not act accordingly, the system of international law ceases to exist.

The international system

The international system has a horizontal structure; all states are considered equal. In municipal law, the law is above individuals, but in international law the law only exists between the states. Also, in municipal law, the individual has no influence on the creation of law. In international law, states create it themselves, as international law consists mostly of agreements and treaties developed and signed by states. An important element for states in order to obey international law is the principle of reciprocity. States often do not pursue one particular course of action which might bring them short-term gains, because it could disrupt the mesh of reciprocal tolerance which could bring long-term

.....read more
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Summary of International Law by Shaw: 6th edition
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Handbook of International Law

Handbook of International Law

This summary of Handbook of international Law by Aust is written in 2013

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Chapter 1. International law

Private international law and transnational law

The term ‘private international law’ refers to what is known as the ‘conflict of laws’. It covers the body of rules of a State’s domestic law which addresses legal issues with foreign elements; these rules determine which legal rules and jurisdiction are applicable.

A number of institutions are responsible for harmonisation of rules concerning conflict of laws. The Hague Conference on Private International Law, established in 1893 is tasked with the harmonisation of domestic rules on conflict of laws; UNIDROIT is responsible for the harmonisation of commercial domestic laws; UNCITRAL is tasked with harmonising international trade law.

The term ‘transnational law’ primarily connotes the study of the laws of multiple States, comparative law, supranational law, and (commercial) public international law. The study of transnational law gives the impression that the laws of States are becoming ever more similar; however, this is not the case.

The nature of international law

International law is generally known as ‘public international law’ (sometimes also as ‘general international law’), in contrast to the public international law described above. It was previously known as the ‘Law of Nations’. Public international law is the product of the actions of States instead of a single national legal system.

The history of public international law is generally said to have started with Hugo Grotius, a Dutch jurist and diplomat, who lived from 1583 to 1645. Another important event in the early history of Public International Law is the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which concluded the end of the Thirty Years’ War and the period of feudalism in European history. It also marked the emergence of the modern nation state with a strong centralised government exercising control over its subjects. These new states were in need of rules to govern conduct between them. From the mid-seventeenth century these rules governing the relations between states evolved into contemporary international

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An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure

An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure

International Criminal Law and Procedure by Cryer e.a.

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Part A: Introduction

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Chapter 1: Aspects of international criminal law

Introduction

Public international law primarily regulates interactions between States. However, international criminal law is mainly concerned with the conduct of individual persons. If persons violate international laws, that imposes the obligation on States to penalise such actions. International criminal law has been rapidly developing following the Second World War. This means that the broader field of international law is increasingly focusing on protecting humans rather than only the interests and obligations of States. An exception to this is that the crime of aggression can only be committed by (high-ranking) State officials. The project of international criminal law is quite recent.. Especially the Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda established in the 1990s have been important for its case law. International criminal courts and tribunals courts do not possess universal jurisdiction. Their rules are not always homogeneous or consistent. This can be explained partially by the fact that international criminal rules derive from a variety of sources. War crimes, for example, have developed from international humanitarian law. Genocide and crimes against humanity have evolved together with international human rights standards. War crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity and the crime of aggression constitute the most important crimes on which international law focuses. These are also the crimes to which the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court is limited......read more

Summaries and supporting content: 
Summary of International Criminal Law and Procedure by Cryer
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Supersummary International Law - Anders Henriksen

Supersummary International Law - Anders Henriksen

With this book, Anders Henriksen has created a complete overview of international law. The book starts of with the basics of international law. All the important terms are discussed in detail. Comparisons are made between international and national but also EU-law.

After the explanation of the basics, different types of law are discussed. The influence of international law is made claer in this respect. The law of the sea, human rights law, environmental law and economic law all fall under international law for some part, but they differ from eachother in certain aspects. What complicates this even more, is that states and international organizations also have established their own rules. 

Lastly, it is discussed how international law can be enforced and what happens when it is not obeyed. The book touches on peacefull dispute setlement, use of force, armed conflicts and international criminal law, and the relation between these breaches and solutions of international law. 

The book is written especially for students, so everything is neatly structured and clearly explained. This book is perfect for beginning students who are just starting to learn about international law but also provides a very complete and detailed understanding of international law. The fact that de book starts of with the basics and later dives into the more complex issues, makes the material very understandable.

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Recht en bestuur: samenvattingen en studiehulp - Thema
International relations and international studies - Theme
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Recht en bestuur: De beste studieboeken samengevat

Recht en bestuur: De beste studieboeken samengevat

Recht en bestuur: De beste studieboeken samengevat

Inhoud:

  • Arbeidsrecht en sociaal recht: De beste studieboeken samengevat
  • Bestuursrecht: De beste studieboeken samengevat
  • Strafrecht en criminologie: De beste studieboeken samengevat
  • Handelsrecht: De beste studieboeken samengevat
  • Ondernemingsrecht en rechtspersonenrecht: De beste studieboeken samengevat
  • Europees recht en de Europese Unie: De beste studieboeken samengevat
  • Familierecht, erfrecht en huwelijksvermogensrecht: De beste studieboeken samengevat
  • Insolventierecht en Faillissementsrecht: De beste studieboeken samengevat
  • Internationaal privaatrecht: De beste studieboeken samengevat
  • Medische ethiek en gezondheidsrecht: De beste studieboeken samengevat
  • Overeenkomstenrecht en contractenrecht: De beste studieboeken samengevat
  • Privaatrecht: burgerlijk, goederen- tot vermogensrecht: De beste studieboeken samengevat
  • Internationaal publiekrecht: De beste studieboeken samengevat
  • Rechtsfilosofie en rechtsgeschiedenis: De beste studieboeken samengevat
  • Staatsrecht en constitutioneel recht: De beste studieboeken samengevat
  • Belastingrecht en fiscaal recht: De beste studieboeken samengevat
  • Werken en studeren als jurist: De beste studieboeken samengevat
Summaries and supporting content: 
Arbeidsrecht en sociaal recht: De beste studieboeken samengevat
Bestuursrecht: De beste studieboeken samengevat
Strafrecht: De beste studieboeken samengevat
Handelsrecht: De beste studieboeken samengevat
Ondernemingsrecht en rechtspersonenrecht: De beste studieboeken samengevat
Europees recht en de Europese Unie: De beste studieboeken samengevat
Familierecht, erfrecht en huwelijksvermogensrecht: De beste studieboeken samengevat
Insolventierecht en Faillissementsrecht: De beste studieboeken samengevat
Internationaal privaatrecht: De beste studieboeken samengevat
Medische ethiek en gezondheidsrecht: De beste studieboeken samengevat
Overeenkomstenrecht en contractenrecht: De beste studieboeken samengevat
Privaatrecht: burgerlijk, goederen- tot vermogensrecht: De beste studieboeken samengevat
Internationaal publiekrecht: De beste studieboeken samengevat
Rechtsfilosofie en rechtsgeschiedenis: De beste studieboeken samengevat
Staatsrecht en constitutioneel recht: De beste studieboeken samengevat
Belastingrecht en fiscaal recht: De beste studieboeken samengevat
Recht en bestuur: De beste studieboeken voor stage en werk samengevat
Access: 
Public
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Recht en bestuur: De beste wetenschappelijke artikelen samengevat

Recht en bestuur: De beste wetenschappelijke artikelen samengevat

Recht en bestuur: De beste wetenschappelijke artikelen samengevat

Artikelsamenvattingen per studiegebied bij Recht en bestuur

  • Voor 125+ artikelsamenvattingen bij Recht en bestuur, zie de supporting content van deze studiegids

Inhoudsopgave

Gerelateerde samenvattingen en studiehulp

Summaries and supporting content: 
Europees recht: De beste wetenschappelijke artikelen samengevat
Goederenrecht: De beste wetenschappelijke artikelen samengevat
Inleiding recht: De beste wetenschappelijke artikelen samengevat
Insolventierecht en ondernemingsrecht: De beste wetenschappelijke artikelen samengevat
Juridische aspecten van bedrijfskunde en bedrijfsvoering: De beste wetenschappelijke artikelen samengevat
Rechtshandhaving en politie: De beste wetenschappelijke artikelen samengevat
Staatsrecht en constitutioneel recht: De beste wetenschappelijke artikelen samengevat
Strafrecht: De beste wetenschappelijke artikelen samengevat
Access: 
Public
  • 1936 keer gelezen
Recht en bestuur: De beste arresten en jurisprudentie samengevat

Recht en bestuur: De beste arresten en jurisprudentie samengevat

Samenvattingen en studiehulp bij arresten van jurisprudentie van recht en bestuur

  • voor 800+ arrestsamenvattingen, zie de supporting content van deze study guide
Summaries and supporting content: 
Arbeidsrecht en sociaal recht: De beste arresten en jurisprudentie samengevat
Bestuursrecht en administratief recht: De beste arresten en jurisprudentie samengevat
Europees recht en recht van de Europese Unie: De beste arresten en jurisprudentie samengevat
Goederenrecht: De beste arresten en jurisprudentie samengevat
Insolventierecht en faillissement: De beste arresten en jurisprudentie samengevat
Internationaal publiekrecht en volkenrecht: De beste arresten en jurisprudentie samengevat
Ondernemingsrecht en rechtspersonenrecht: De beste arresten en jurisprudentie samengevat
Personenrecht, familierecht en erfrecht: De beste arresten en jurisprudentie samengevat
Staatsrecht en constitutioneel recht: De beste arresten en jurisprudentie samengevat
Strafprocesrecht en materieel strafrecht: De beste arresten en jurisprudentie samengevat
Verbintenissenrecht en rechtsbetrekking: De beste arresten en jurisprudentie samengevat
Access: 
Public
  • 1007 keer gelezen
Human rights and fundamental rights - Theme

EXPLAINED

WorldSupporter FAQ: how to WorldSupporter, join and sign up?

WorldSupporter FAQ: how to WorldSupporter, join and sign up?

WorldSupporter: what is JoHo WorldSupporter, how to join and how to contribute?

WorldSupporter: what is JoHo WorldSupporter, how to join and how to contribute?

What is 'WorldSupporter'?

  • JoHo WorldSupporter is the online platform where individuals and organizations inspire and help each other on a local and global level
  • You can share and find everything you need to help another, travel responsibly, study well, develop yourself and work for an organization that creates a better world
  • You can gain knowledge, share experiences, answer questions, post comments and publish your own WorldSupporter resume
  • You can share your summaries, photos, blogs, journals, events, sustainable recipes and tips with others
  • You can create and share study materials with WorldSupporters from countries that lack access to educational resources,
  • You can share learning materials that can be used by volunteers helping out in schools around the world.
  • You can work with WorldSupporters from over 150 countries to help make the world around you a better and more tolerant place.

What is a 'WorldSupporter account and Profile'?

  • A WorldSupporter account can be created in minutes and is linked to your Personal WorldSupporter profile.
  • Your WorldSupporter profile:
    • acts as your own platform for all the content you create or collect on WorldSupporter,
    • shows all content recently created by the organizations, groups and individuals you personally follow,
    • shows what you contribute to the world around you.

What do you need to do to join, register and get started?

  • to use WorldSupporter for free, you can create an acoount and follow your favorite subject or supporters
  • to support and use WorldSupporter: go to www JoHo.org, and join as a JoHo WorldSupporter member.
  • to use all summaries: go to go to www JoHo.org and join JoHo WorldSupporter Member with full online access to all summaries and content
  • for a profile on WorldSupporter: go to the login page page or use the 'sign in' link in the menu
  • for login: go to the login page to log in or use the 'sign in' link in the menu, visible on every page

Join JoHo WorldSupporter >>

 

WorldSupporter: what is the JoHo WorldSupporter mission, vision and concept?

WorldSupporter: what is the JoHo WorldSupporter mission, vision and concept?

 

Discover The World of JoHo..

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What is the JoHo mission, vision and concept?

Mission & Vision

  • JoHo wants to enable people and organizations to develop and collaborate better, thereby contributing to a tolerant, tolerant and sustainable world.
  • Support is provided for personal development and international collaboration is stimulated via online platforms and physical support centers.

Concept

  • As a JoHo donor, subscriber or insured you support the objectives of JoHo. JoHo then supports you with tools, coaching and benefits in the field of personal development and international activities.
  • JoHo's core services are: study assistance, competence development, coaching and insurance mediation when you leave abroad.
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What is the JoHo target group?

Core target groups

  • Travelers, volunteers, workers, emigrants, and everyone involved in the world around them.
  • Young people, students, interns, and anyone who wants to develop themselves further.
  • Projects, initiatives and organizations that are committed to international cooperation.
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What are the core JoHo themes?

  • Personal development: Learning, Studying, Working, Applying, Entrepreneurship, Initiating.
  • International cooperation: Help, Travel, Arrange, Emigrate, Immigrate & Inspire.
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How can JoHo support you?

  • In addition to the support you can provide to JoHo, JoHo supports you with tools, decision aid, advice and discounts on articles, insurance, travel, activities, training, facilities, summaries and media use.
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How can you support JoHo?

  • By using the JoHo products and services you automatically support the goals of JoHo.
  • You can also join JoHo online or in the support center as a donor or subscriber
  • JoHo donors make it possible for JoHo to have been committed to successful projects in the field of development cooperation, knowledge sharing and talent development for years. Anyone who supports JoHo can also contribute to the projects and make use of knowledge, decision aid and discounts.
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What have JoHo and JoHo donors already achieved?

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What does the World of JoHo consist of?

  • JoHo WorldSupporter: The JoHo platform for those who also want to do something for others, an online community and marketplace for global citizens, volunteers and involved companies.
  • JoHo Insurances: The JoHo platform for all your insurance, security measures, visa matters, vaccinations & arrangements for short and long stays abroad.
  • JoHo Memberships: The JoHo platform for personal development with tools for study, internship, work, travel and emigration.
  • JoHo Partnerships: The JoHo platform where organizations are enabled to bring their projects, activities and vacancies to the attention of a target group that wants to mean something for the world around them.
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How can you use JoHo?

  • You can explore the World of JoHo through JoHo support centers, the online platforms and the events.
  • Visit a JoHo World Experience Center, make an online discovery trip, visit JoHo at an event, or contact us by phone.
  • Read about cooperation with and services of JoHo
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What is the meaning of the term JoHo?

  • The term JoHo has had multiple meanings over the years. Today, reference is made to a more than 2,000-year-old quote from Ashoka. On the banks of the Ganges, the Indian visionary and ruler Ashoka tried to convince his people that all peoples on earth are equal and can learn from each other: "Life is a Journey to Open-mindedness, Helpfulness and Optimism."
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WorldSupporter: what is the choice in memberships, and what kind of online access is available?

WorldSupporter: what is the choice in memberships, and what kind of online access is available?

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What forms of registration are possible and what kind of online access is available:

1  - Create a free WorldSupporter Profile.

2 - Join as a JoHo WorldSupporter member with basic services

  • You can join WorldSupporter as a JoHo member to get access to basic services
    • you can add messages and comments to help other supporters and get notifications
    • you can access all content with the access level 'Member'
    • you can request to contribute and add content
    • you will be able to save and collect content made by other supporters
    • you will be able to follow other supporters
    • you will have access to all content with the access level 'WorldSupporters members', that is uploaded and made by other Supporters
    • you are a valued donor who makes an additional contribution to JoHo WorldSupporter
  • Join as WorldSupporter member >>

3 - Join as a JoHo WorldSupporter member with extra services and online access

WorldSupporter: what to do to get full online access for summaries and services on JoHo WorldSupporter.org?

WorldSupporter: what to do to get full online access for summaries and services on JoHo WorldSupporter.org?

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How can you use JoHo WorldSupporter?

  1. You can create a free account and follow your favorite subject or supporters (without extra services or online access to exclusives)
  2. You can join as WorldSupporter member to get access to basic services (without extra services or online access to exclusives)
  3. You can join as WorldSupporter member with extra services and online access to extra services and online access to exclusives: see also below

How do you get full online access to all summaries and exclusives on JoHo WorldSupporter.org?

  • Procedure:

    • 1 - Go to JoHo.org/en/joinjoho, and join JoHo WorldSupporter by choosing a membership with online access
    • 2 - Return to WorldSupporter.org and create an account with the same email address
    • 3 - State your JoHo WorldSupporter Membership during the creation of your account
    • 4 - Choose your favorite study, student organization or topic during the creation of your account

  • Start using the services:

    • You have online access to all free + all exclusive summaries and study notes on WorldSupporter.org and JoHo.org
    • You can use all services on JoHo WorldSupporter.org
    • You can make use of the tools for work abroad, long journeys, voluntary work, internships and study abroad

Already an account?

  • In case you have previously created a WorldSupporter account then, after registering with JoHo, you can change your status on your WorldSupporter account to membership with full online access. Edit your account and see under 'Profile' for the change.
  • Note: Again, you must have used the same email address.

Become JoHo WorldSupporter member >>

 

WorldSupporter: what to do to register as a JoHo member and use WorldSupporter?

WorldSupporter: what to do to register as a JoHo member and use WorldSupporter?

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When you support JoHo...

by joining as a JoHo member

  • By joining JoHo as a member, you support JoHo in all its activities in the areas of international cooperation and talent development
  • You can become a JoHo member by contributing €5.00 per calendar year

through the purchase of JoHo subscription services

  • You can obtain JoHo subscription services for €10, €15,00 or €20.00 per calendar year for extra services and discounts

by taking out (travel or health) insurance

  • By applying for a travel or health insurance via JoHo you do not only support JoHo, but also yourself
  • You pay less premium and you are able to use the services and discounts of a JoHo subscription for free 
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....then JoHo will support you...

with choice assistance & advice

  • concerning work, travel, study, inspiration and emigration

with organization profiles & vacancies

  • for full time jobs, part time jobs, volunteer work, internships, and work experience positions at home or abroad

with summaries & study support

  • such as printed and online study books, textbooks, professional literature, exams & practice questions, lecture notes, terms and readers

with discounts on items & gifts

  • concerning travel, study, work, inspiration and emigration

with discounts on activities & projects

  • such as air travel, holidays, volunteer work, language courses, and travelling 

with discounts on insurances & advice

  • such as emigration insurances, travel insurances, and health insurances
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...and together we support worldsupporters and projects

  • with personal development via worldsupporter.org and online tools
  • with international collaborations via projects in Africa, Asia, and South America
  • with bringing organizations and individuals into contact with each other to make each other stronger, more aware, and to inspire one another
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How do you receive free subscription services when insured via JoHo?

  • Are you a member and do you take out a yearly continuous insurance via JoHo? Then you are able to use the services and discounts of the JoHo subscription for free
  • How does it work? Become a JoHo member and apply for your travel or health insurance  via JoHo. As a JoHo member you will receive the benefits of the JoHo subscription
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How to choose and purchase a JoHo subscription services

Purchasing JoHo subscription services

  • JoHo members can choose to purchase a subscription for choice assistance, advice, discounts, or extra support for JoHo
  • If you want to purchase subscription services, you are able to do so with the same form as the one to become a JoHo member
  • If you already are a JoHo member and want to change to, or add, a subscription, please fill out form for changing your membership

How does registering, logging in & creating a password work

  • As a new JoHo member you automatically receive an online account at joho.org, which you can activate with a link that you will receive in your mailbox

Read more at

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Are you able to become a member without an IBAN/SEPA bank account?

  • If you don't have an IBAN (international bank account number) with SEPA, but you still want to use membership services or support JoHo's projects and initiatives, including Smokey Tours, take a look at the page about International services
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What are the rules and guidelines?

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What is your JoHo number?

  • You can find your JoHo number at your My JoHo page as soon as you are logged in at joho.org
  • You need your JoHo number, for example, for obtaining the discounts on insurances, summaries, and at partner organisations
  • Have you lost your JoHo number? Please contact JoHo via the online contact forms or log in at joho.org and you will find your JoHo number at your account page on JoHo.org

 

Join & Register (via JoHo.org)

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WorldSupporter: what to do to cooperate and connect with JoHo WorldSupporter as an organization?

WorldSupporter: what to do to cooperate and connect with JoHo WorldSupporter as an organization?

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Cooperating with JoHo: supporting JoHo

Barterdeals

  • With a lot of organizations JoHo cooperates on a barter deal basis. This is a type of partnership where none of the two organizations pays or charges fees, or where lowest possibile fees are calculated.
  • Starting-point within these kind of deals is that organizations work cost neutral and organizations exchange equally: advertorial-advertorial, banner-banner, flyer-flyer, etc.

Sponsoring

  • Organizations can sponsor JoHo initiatives like World Supporter and The World Summary Bank.
  • Organizations can sponsor JoHo partner initiatives like Smokey Projects.

Subsidy requests

  • JoHo is a non-profit organization with limited usage of subsidy facilities.
  • JoHo is always willing to have a look at joint subsidy requests, as long as there is a focus on talent development and international cooperation.

Link exchange

  • Link exchanges are possible, JoHo has a special link exchange page.
  • Most of all links are being exchanged with organizations offering a special value or discount for JoHo members.

Media and JoHo logos

  • Are you thinking about supporting JoHo and promoting JoHo among your clients or visitors?
  • Please use JoHo logos, banners and texts of JoHo's media page.

Interested?

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Cooperating with JoHo: being supported by JoHo

Foundations & Social Enterprises

  • If you run a foundation and/or social enterprise, please make use of JoHo's free Barter Membership system
  • Under this system, fees and costs have been reduced considerably to facilitate a lot of smaller (and sometimes bigger) colleague organizations making use of The World of JoHo.
  • With a free Barter Membership also organizations with smaller budgets can profit from exposure in JoHo channels and JoHo facilities
  • Channels and facilities are being offered at, or sometimes even under, cost price.

Projects aimed at International Development

  • If you run an international development project or business, please make use of JoHo's Barter Membership system and/or use JoHo's fee World Supporter platform
  • Are you an individual JoHo member? You can support your favorite international aid project through your membership, by transering facilities and services of your membership to this organization

Media

  • With several media JoHo partners on a barterdeal basis. This is a type of partnership where none of the two organizations pays or charges fees, or where lowest possible fees are calculated.
  • Starting-point within these kind of deals is that organizations work cost neutral and organizations exchange equally: advertorial-advertorial, banner-banner, flyer-flyer, etc.

Student organizations

  • Do you run or participate in a student organization? Please make use of JoHo's Barter Membership system to promote your organization in JoHo channels.
  • Or contact cooperation@joho.org with your business proposition.

Interested?

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Cooperating with JoHo: insurances through JoHo

JoHo & Insurance cooperation

Comprehensive product range

  • JoHo is one of the few organizations where you can directly purchase a comprehensive range of foreign insurances from a variety of insurers. As with our other products and services, we believe that you should be able to choose between the best, the most cost effective and the most specialized insurance.

Combinations possible

  • JoHo offers various possibilities from combining insurances to assisting in transferring from one insurer to another.

No price difference

  • When you purchase an insurance policy through JoHo, you will not pay anymore than if you had purchased it directly from the insurer. Sometimes (through special collective agreements) you will pay even less.

Extra support

  • JoHo offers support with problems that may arise with the insurer. Sometimes disagreement with claims, cancellation notice or insurance premiums can occur. In this situation it helps if you have the assistance of an organization who has an established relationship with the insurer.

Experience:

  • JoHo Insurances have been working with international health insurance providers since many years

Options

Insurances for travellers, intern, volunteering or working holidays abroad

  • If you run an organization and are looking for an opportunity to insure yourself, your colleagues or your clients properly, you can benefit through JoHo from 'expertise', 'discount' or 'fee' advantages

Insurances for working and living abroad

  • If you run an organization and are looking for an opportunity to insure yourself, your colleagues or your clients properly, you can get free advice and/or make use of JoHo's expatservice

Interested?

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Cooperating with JoHo: benefits from JoHo's World Supporter platform

WorldSupporter

  • The tool for anyone who wants tot share experiences with his or her friends
  • The platform for anyone who wants to inspire other global and involved Supporters and World Supporting organizations

Using WorldSupporter

  • If you run a project aimed at talent development or international cooperation, please use the WorldSupporter platform to get free attention and exposure
  • If you work for an organization involved in mediation for volunteer projects or internships you can profile your activities on the WorldSupporter platform
  • If you joined an internship or volunteer organization as a client and want to support your organization, you can promote them by starting an Experience magazine, blogging, sharing photos, videos, vacancies, etc. Promote your organization for free, and inspire others!

Interested?

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WorldSupporter: what to do to solve and prevent a problem with your account, login, online access or password

WorldSupporter: what to do to solve and prevent a problem with your account, login, online access or password

Most common problems and solutions

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    No account on WorldSupporter.org?

    • Your account and login on WorldSupporter.org is separate from your account on JoHo.org due to digital security and the different roles of both websites.
    • With your account on WorldSupporter.org you can also create your own content and put it on the website. With your account on JoHo.org you have insight into your subscriptions, memberships and insurances.
    • Go to the create account page: 'Join WorldSupporter', where you can create an account and profile for WorldSupporter.org.
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    Not able to fill in all required fields by creating an account on WorldSupporter.org?

    To create an account on WorldSupporter you have to fill in following required fields:

    • Username
      • Spaces are allowed; punctuation is not allowed except for periods, hyphens, apostrophes, and underscores.
    • E-mail Address:
      • use an existing e-mail address,
      • for access to content for JoHo members and exclusives you need to use the same e-mail adress as when you registered on JoHo.org
    • First Name:
      • same rules as for your username
    • Last name:
      • same rules as for your username
    • Are you a JoHo WorldSupporter Member?:
      • When you are not a JoHo member, you select: "I am not a JoHo WorldSupporter member yet"
      • When you are a JoHo member (donateur), you select: "I am a JoHo WorldSupporter member without extra services"
      • When you are a JoHo member with extra services (abonnee), you select: "I am a JoHo WorldSupporter member with extra services and online access"
      • When you don not know which membership you have:  go to www.JoHo.org, log in and check on you account page you will see which membership is mentioned (or check the confirmation e-mail, which is sent after you filled in the membership form on joho.org)
    • WorldSupportership!:
      • Fill in at least one activity in the field of helping out another or your surroundings
    • Profile Picture:
      • Upload your profile picture :
        • files must be less than 2 MB.
        • Allowed file types: png, jpg, jpeg.
      • crop your picture (adjust within the margin)
      • save your picture
    • Follow content of your favorite subject or organization on your own profile:
      • Select your favorite subject or organization to follow on your profile by typing the name of the country, topic or organization of your choice
      • Examples include your student organization, your working field or your country of interest.
      • Use only 1 subject or organisation!
    • Privacy:
      • choose who can see your profile and account page
    • Create new account (button):
      • Click to save and go the confirmation e-mail to activate your account with the confirmation link
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    Not able to create your account with an error message?

    • Are you already a JoHo member (donor or subscriber): then use the same e-mail address as when you registered at JoHo.org (you also use that e-mail address for logging into joho.org).
    • Do you get the message that the e-mail address is already in use: then use the 'forgot password' option to regain access to your account.
    • Switch browsers or devices. If it doesn't work in another browser either, try again later or contact JoHo WorldSupporter
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    Not activated your account on WorldSupporter.org?

    • After you create an account on WorldSupporter.org by filling in the form and pushing the 'create account' button, you receive e-mail for the necessary confirmation link
    • By clicking this link or copying and pasting it to your browser you log in once and will lead you to visit a page where you can set your password.
    • After setting your password, you will be able to log in at https://www.worldsupporter.org/user
    • After you logged in for the first time, you can complete your account and profile page
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    Not able to login?

    • Go to the login page to log in, or use the "log in" link at the top right of the menu, visible on every page.
    • Instead of your username, you can also login with your e-mail address.
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    Not able to log in after you receive and use the confirmation link?

    • Go to the login page to log in, or use the "log in" link at the top right of the menu, visible on every page.
    • Choose 'request new password'.
    • You will then receive a link that allows you to log in and be redirected directly to a page where you need to set a new password.
    • If this does not work out you can contact JoHo WorldSupporter
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    Not able to remember, set or use your password?

    • Instead of your username, you can also login with your e-mail address.
    • Forgot your password? Click on the 'Log in' link at the top right of any page and choose 'request new password'.
    • You will then receive a link that allows you to log in and be redirected directly to a page where you need to set a new password..
    • Please enter a new password immediately, the link you receive is only valid for 1 day
    • Please note that your password is case sensitive, so please check that Caps Lock is on or off.
    • If the problems with your password persist, try logging in with another browser (e.g. Firefox or Chrome etc, depending on what you have already tried, ) and/or disable your password manager function if you are using it.
    • In an exceptional case, a maintenance activity may have taken place, try again later or contact WorldSupporter
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    Being able to log in, but still not able to read all exclusive content or summaries?

    • Make sure you are a JoHo member with extra service and online access
      • As a member without extra services (<10 euro yearly) you will not have be able to read exclusive content
      • If you want to upgrade your membership  (10 euro yearly or more) to read exclusive content access  you can: change your membership
      • If you are not a member yet, you can: become a member
    • Make sure you selected the right access on your WorldSupporter account
      • go to your account (profile) page
      • press the "Edit profile' button
      • go to 'Profile'
      • go to the field 'Are you a JoHo WorldSupporter Member?
        • choose the right access : 'JoHo WorldSupporter member with full online access'
      • press the button 'Save' at the end of you page
    • If this does not work out you can contact JoHo WorldSupporter
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    Access to all shared materials, but suddenly no longer?

    • If you suddenly lost access to shared materials that you previously had access to, one of the following situations may apply:
      • The e-mail address of your WorldSupporter account is not the same as that of your member registration.
      • The direct debit for your membership has failed.
      • A supporter has chosen to set the access level of the shared material to 'JoHo WorldSupporter member with full access' and you are not yet a 'JoHo WorldSupporter member with full online access'.
    • To indicate that you wish to register a second email address with your JoHo membership, please log in to joho.org and fill in the form for adjustments on JoHo.org
    • If a direct debit has failed, you will be contacted by JoHo WorldSupporter, please check your spam folder to see if you have missed a message.
    • Make sure you are a JoHo member with extra service and online access and that you selected the right access on your WorldSupporter account
    • If you continue to experience problems, please contact WorldSupporter, stating the specific pages you want to use and, if possible, the error message you receive.
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    No access the private or public content?

    • Private content is visible for you (the author) in the 'My Collection' section of your personal user page only and is great for drafts or notes to yourself
      • If you have trouble accessing your private content, you can check whether you are logged in at the top right of JoHo WorldSupporter. If you are not yet logged in, you can try to log in and visit your private content again
      • If you have trouble accessing your private content once you are logged in, you can contact JoHo WorldSupporter via the contact form with a description of the page you want to visit
    • Public content is visible for all visitors of WorldSupporter
      • If you have trouble accessing public content, you can check your internet connection. If your internet connection is down, you can try to visit the page later, with a better internet connection.
      • If you have trouble accessing public content with a working internet connection, you can check the access level of the page you try to visit. Authors can change the access level of their content
      • If you keep experiencing problems with accessing the public content, please contact JoHo WorldSupporter via the contact form with a description of the page you want to visit
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    WorldSupporter FAQ: questions and answers about summaries on WorldSupporter.org

    WorldSupporter FAQ: questions and answers about summaries on WorldSupporter.org

    WorldSupporter FAQ: questions and answers about adding content and reactions

    WorldSupporter FAQ: questions and answers about adding content and reactions

    WorldSupporter FAQ: questions and answers about your WorldSupporter account

    WorldSupporter FAQ: questions and answers about your WorldSupporter account

    WorldSupporter FAQ about creating and managing a WorldSupporter account and profile page

    Access: 
    Public
    WorldSupporter FAQ: all questions and answers

    WorldSupporter FAQ: all questions and answers

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    WorldSupporter FAQ: questions and answers about summaries on WorldSupporter.org

    WorldSupporter FAQ: questions and answers about summaries on WorldSupporter.org

    WorldSupporter: what to do to get full online access for summaries and services on JoHo WorldSupporter.org?

    WorldSupporter: what to do to get full online access for summaries and services on JoHo WorldSupporter.org?

    Image

    How can you use JoHo WorldSupporter?

    1. You can create a free account and follow your favorite subject or supporters (without extra services or online access to exclusives)
    2. You can join as WorldSupporter member to get access to basic services (without extra services or online access to exclusives)
    3. You can join as WorldSupporter member with extra services and online access to extra services and online access to exclusives: see also below

    How do you get full online access to all summaries and exclusives on JoHo WorldSupporter.org?

    • Procedure:

      • 1 - Go to JoHo.org/en/joinjoho, and join JoHo WorldSupporter by choosing a membership with online access
      • 2 - Return to WorldSupporter.org and create an account with the same email address
      • 3 - State your JoHo WorldSupporter Membership during the creation of your account
      • 4 - Choose your favorite study, student organization or topic during the creation of your account

    • Start using the services:

      • You have online access to all free + all exclusive summaries and study notes on WorldSupporter.org and JoHo.org
      • You can use all services on JoHo WorldSupporter.org
      • You can make use of the tools for work abroad, long journeys, voluntary work, internships and study abroad

    Already an account?

    • In case you have previously created a WorldSupporter account then, after registering with JoHo, you can change your status on your WorldSupporter account to membership with full online access. Edit your account and see under 'Profile' for the change.
    • Note: Again, you must have used the same email address.

    Become JoHo WorldSupporter member >>

     

    WorldSupporter: what to do to register as a JoHo member and use WorldSupporter?

    WorldSupporter: what to do to register as a JoHo member and use WorldSupporter?

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    When you support JoHo...

    by joining as a JoHo member

    • By joining JoHo as a member, you support JoHo in all its activities in the areas of international cooperation and talent development
    • You can become a JoHo member by contributing €5.00 per calendar year

    through the purchase of JoHo subscription services

    • You can obtain JoHo subscription services for €10, €15,00 or €20.00 per calendar year for extra services and discounts

    by taking out (travel or health) insurance

    • By applying for a travel or health insurance via JoHo you do not only support JoHo, but also yourself
    • You pay less premium and you are able to use the services and discounts of a JoHo subscription for free 
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    ....then JoHo will support you...

    with choice assistance & advice

    • concerning work, travel, study, inspiration and emigration

    with organization profiles & vacancies

    • for full time jobs, part time jobs, volunteer work, internships, and work experience positions at home or abroad

    with summaries & study support

    • such as printed and online study books, textbooks, professional literature, exams & practice questions, lecture notes, terms and readers

    with discounts on items & gifts

    • concerning travel, study, work, inspiration and emigration

    with discounts on activities & projects

    • such as air travel, holidays, volunteer work, language courses, and travelling 

    with discounts on insurances & advice

    • such as emigration insurances, travel insurances, and health insurances
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    ...and together we support worldsupporters and projects

    • with personal development via worldsupporter.org and online tools
    • with international collaborations via projects in Africa, Asia, and South America
    • with bringing organizations and individuals into contact with each other to make each other stronger, more aware, and to inspire one another
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    How do you receive free subscription services when insured via JoHo?

    • Are you a member and do you take out a yearly continuous insurance via JoHo? Then you are able to use the services and discounts of the JoHo subscription for free
    • How does it work? Become a JoHo member and apply for your travel or health insurance  via JoHo. As a JoHo member you will receive the benefits of the JoHo subscription
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    How to choose and purchase a JoHo subscription services

    Purchasing JoHo subscription services

    • JoHo members can choose to purchase a subscription for choice assistance, advice, discounts, or extra support for JoHo
    • If you want to purchase subscription services, you are able to do so with the same form as the one to become a JoHo member
    • If you already are a JoHo member and want to change to, or add, a subscription, please fill out form for changing your membership

    How does registering, logging in & creating a password work

    • As a new JoHo member you automatically receive an online account at joho.org, which you can activate with a link that you will receive in your mailbox

    Read more at

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    Are you able to become a member without an IBAN/SEPA bank account?

    • If you don't have an IBAN (international bank account number) with SEPA, but you still want to use membership services or support JoHo's projects and initiatives, including Smokey Tours, take a look at the page about International services
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    What are the rules and guidelines?

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    What is your JoHo number?

    • You can find your JoHo number at your My JoHo page as soon as you are logged in at joho.org
    • You need your JoHo number, for example, for obtaining the discounts on insurances, summaries, and at partner organisations
    • Have you lost your JoHo number? Please contact JoHo via the online contact forms or log in at joho.org and you will find your JoHo number at your account page on JoHo.org

     

    Join & Register (via JoHo.org)

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    WorldSupporter: what are WorldSupporter Summaries and how to create or use them?

    WorldSupporter: what are WorldSupporter Summaries and how to create or use them?

    What types of summaries and study assistance does WorldSupporter offer?

    Summaries and study materials can be found in 6 different forms:

    • Book summaries: give you insight into the main and side issues of the most essential and current literature in your field
    • BulletPoint Summaries: ultra-short summaries displayed in bullets
    • Article summaries: summaries of scientific articles that you will use during and after your studies
    • ExamTickets: consist of short bullets with subject-oriented exam tips and sample questions, so that you know what you have to learn and how you should study
    • ExamTests: consist of bundles of exam and practice questions that provide extra understanding, test your knowledge and give insight into the way in which an exam will be taken
    • Study Notes & Sheets:  summaries of lectures, working groups that give you more insight into what is considered important by teachers.

    Why add a Summary or Study Note?

    • This content type allows you to explain a certain subject. This can be based on your own texts or on summarized versions of study material
    • Many Supporters use this content type for university course material, but feel free to use it as a broad tool for knowledge transfer
    • Always make sure that you do not violate copyright if you use material from others and make good use of source listings

    How to add a Summary or Study Note?

    • tip 1: by adding category tags your content will be easier to find by people with similar interests that not yet follow your account
    • tip 2: bring several summaries together and create easier navigation for yourself and your followers
    • tip 3: add an image in the 'image' field, because it will be used to highlight your contribution on your profile and other spotlight locations on WorldSupporter. Without an image your avatar will be used for these purposes.

    Where to find or read more about Summaries or Study Notes

    Where to add Summaries or Study Notes?

     

    WorldSupporter: how to use and find summaries, study notes en practice exams on JoHo WorldSupporter?

    WorldSupporter: how to use and find summaries, study notes en practice exams on JoHo WorldSupporter?

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    Online access to all summaries, study notes en practice exams

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    How and why would you use WorldSupporter.org for your summaries and study assistance?

    • For free use of many of the summaries and study aids provided or collected by your fellow students.
    • For free use of many of the lecture and study group notes, exam questions and practice questions.
    • For use of all exclusive summaries and study assistance for those who are member with JoHo WorldSupporter with online access
    • For compiling your own materials and contributions with relevant study help
    • For sharing and finding relevant and interesting summaries, documents, notes, blogs, tips, videos, discussions, activities, recipes, side jobs and more.
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    Using and finding summaries, study notes en practice exams on JoHo WorldSupporter

    There are several ways to navigate the large amount of summaries, study notes en practice exams on JoHo WorldSupporter.

    1. Use the menu above every page to go to one of the main starting pages
      • Starting pages: for some fields of study and some university curricula editors have created (start) magazines where customised selections of summaries are put together to smoothen navigation. When you have found a magazine of your likings, add that page to your favorites so you can easily go to that starting point directly from your profile during future visits. Below you will find some start magazines per field of study
    2. Use the topics and taxonomy terms
      • The topics and taxonomy of the study and working fields gives you insight in the amount of summaries that are tagged by authors on specific subjects. This type of navigation can help find summaries that you could have missed when just using the search tools. Tags are organised per field of study and per study institution. Note: not all content is tagged thoroughly, so when this approach doesn't give the results you were looking for, please check the search tool as back up
    3. Check or follow your (study) organizations:
      • by checking or using your study organizations you are likely to discover all relevant study materials.
      • this option is only available trough partner organizations
    4. Check or follow authors or other WorldSupporters
      • by following individual users, authors  you are likely to discover more relevant study materials.
    5. Use the Search tools
      • 'Quick & Easy'- not very elegant but the fastest way to find a specific summary of a book or study assistance with a specific course or subject.
      • The search tool is also available at the bottom of most pages

    Do you want to share your summaries with JoHo WorldSupporter and its visitors?

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    Quicklinks to fields of study for summaries and study assistance

    Field of study

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    WorldSupporter: what is JoHo WorldSupporter, how to join and how to contribute?

    WorldSupporter: what is JoHo WorldSupporter, how to join and how to contribute?

    What is 'WorldSupporter'?

    • JoHo WorldSupporter is the online platform where individuals and organizations inspire and help each other on a local and global level
    • You can share and find everything you need to help another, travel responsibly, study well, develop yourself and work for an organization that creates a better world
    • You can gain knowledge, share experiences, answer questions, post comments and publish your own WorldSupporter resume
    • You can share your summaries, photos, blogs, journals, events, sustainable recipes and tips with others
    • You can create and share study materials with WorldSupporters from countries that lack access to educational resources,
    • You can share learning materials that can be used by volunteers helping out in schools around the world.
    • You can work with WorldSupporters from over 150 countries to help make the world around you a better and more tolerant place.

    What is a 'WorldSupporter account and Profile'?

    • A WorldSupporter account can be created in minutes and is linked to your Personal WorldSupporter profile.
    • Your WorldSupporter profile:
      • acts as your own platform for all the content you create or collect on WorldSupporter,
      • shows all content recently created by the organizations, groups and individuals you personally follow,
      • shows what you contribute to the world around you.

    What do you need to do to join, register and get started?

    • to use WorldSupporter for free, you can create an acoount and follow your favorite subject or supporters
    • to support and use WorldSupporter: go to www JoHo.org, and join as a JoHo WorldSupporter member.
    • to use all summaries: go to go to www JoHo.org and join JoHo WorldSupporter Member with full online access to all summaries and content
    • for a profile on WorldSupporter: go to the login page page or use the 'sign in' link in the menu
    • for login: go to the login page to log in or use the 'sign in' link in the menu, visible on every page

    Join JoHo WorldSupporter >>

     

    WorldSupporter FAQ: all questions and answers

    WorldSupporter FAQ: all questions and answers

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    WorldSupporter: theme pages for activities abroad

    WorldSupporter: theme pages for activities abroad

    Backpacking and travel your way around the world - Theme
    Emigration and moving abroad - Theme
    Internships Abroad - Theme
    Learning languages and language courses abroad - Theme
    Remote working abroad for digital and global nomads - Theme
    Study your way around the world - Theme
    TEFL: Teaching English as a Foreign Language and learning English - Thems
    Travel insurances and insurances for long term abroad - Theme
    Volunteer abroad - Theme
    Working Abroad & Working Holidays - WorldSupporter Theme
    WorldSupporter: main theme pages

    WorldSupporter: main theme pages

    • 1147 keer gelezen
    Crossroads:

    Recht, beleid en bestuur studeren in binnen- en buitenland: JoHo.org (NL)

    Internships Abroad - Theme
    Volunteer abroad - Theme

    Volunteer abroad - Theme

    Image
    Search an find sustainable volunteer work opportunities, tips and discussions
    • 2654 keer gelezen
    Travel insurances and insurances for long term abroad - Theme
    Follow the author: Study and Skills Supporter
    This content is used in bundle:

    WorldSupporter: theme pages for summaries and study assistance

    A selection of startup pages per field of study that can help you navigate the vast amount of content shared on WorldSupporter

    Summaries and Study Assistance - Start
    Anthropology and ethnology - Theme
    Business and Economics - Theme
    International relations and international studies - Theme
    IT and technology - Theme
    Law and public administration - Theme
    Communication, marketing, pr and sales - Theme
    Medicine and healthcare - Theme
    Pedagogy and education - Theme
    Psychology and behavorial sciences - Theme
    Statistics: summaries and study assistance - Theme
    Society and culture - Theme
    WorldSupporter: theme pages for getting study results and preparing for exams
    WorldSupporter: themapagina's voor samenvattingen en studiehulp
    WorldSupporter: main theme pages

    Law and administration: main content and contributions - Bundle

    Main content and contributions for law and administration

    Recht en bestuur: De beste studieboeken samengevat
    International Law: summaries of legendary standard works, literature and manuals
    Law: summaries of legendary standard works, literature and manuals
    Law and administration: The best concepts summarized
    Law and public administration - Theme
    Comments, Compliments & Kudos

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