This bundle contains all the articles needed for the course "Childhood: Clinical and School Psychology" given at the University of Amsterdam. It contains the following articles:
Goddard established one of the largest training schools for the mentally disabled (i.e. extremely low IQ) but did much to harm the attitudes towards these people. There were several obstacles that prevented child psychopathology to become a unique discipline:
Multifinality should be understood in terms of protective and risk factors. Similar stressors can lead to different results as a result of protective or risk factors.
In longitudinal studies, people are followed and measured for a long period of time (e.g. 15+ years). These studies provide useful results but are very costly and often have a
........Read moreThe purpose of diagnosis is to classify the problem within the context of other known behavioural clusters or disorders for the purposes of being able to draw on clinical knowledge regarding potential aetiology, course and treatment alternatives. The purpose of assessment is to diagnose the nature of the problem to ensure that the most appropriate treatment can be
........Read moreIntellectual disabilities are not an actual medical condition. It is a label used to designate children with subnormal intellectual functioning (i.e. IQ < 70). The DSM-5 (1), AAIDD (2) and the educational system (3) are used for classification of intellectual disability. To be diagnosed with ID in any of the three systems, a low IQ (1), deficits in
........Read moreAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) consists of several subtypes:
Children younger than 17 years need six symptoms to receive a diagnosis whereas children older than 17 years only need five symptoms. Intellectual disability (1), communication disorders (2), autism spectrum disorders (3), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (4), specific learning
........Read moreLearning disability often refers to an intellectual disability. A specific learning disability or specific learning disorder often refers to dyslexia. Diagnosis was based on the discrepancy between an individual’s intellectual functioning and one’s academic functioning. However, it was not sure how this should be applied (1), critique that it favours older children and people with higher IQ (2)
........Read moreOne-year prevalence of anxiety disorders in childhood and adolescence are 13%. Anxiety disorders regard chronic worry about current or future events and have common behavioural (e.g. escape and avoidance), cognitive (e.g. negative appraisal) and physiological (e.g. involuntary arousal; increased heart rate) symptoms.
There are six forms of anxiety that can exist in children:
Autism spectrum disorder refers to disorders that meet criteria in two broad symptom categories:
- Deficits in social communication and social interaction
There must be deficits in social-emotional reciprocity (1), non-verbal communication (2) and the development and maintenance of relationships (3).
- Restricted repetitive patterns of behaviour
There must be two of four symptoms present
Anti-social boys are less responsive to social reinforcement. Punishment only has short-term suppressive effects on behaviour. Punishment only seems effective in combination with positive reinforcement.
Coercion refers to a process during which aversive events are used to control the behaviour of another person (i.e. control behaviour using threats). A social action must be experienced by others
........Read moreTo provide care to people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), it is imperative to screen for this disorder and to adequately diagnose it. Early evaluation can be useful. Diagnosis is best accomplished with standardized tests, developmental history and a clinical interview. The prevalence of ASD is 110 per 10.000.
Early intensive treatments appear to have the
........Read moreA psychiatric disorder refers to a significant dysfunction in an individual’s cognitions, emotions or behaviours that reflects a disturbance in the psychological, biological or developmental processes underlying mental functioning.
Comorbidity refers to two or more forms of psychopathology within the same person. For some, a second diagnosis requires symptom presentation without assumptions of causality (i.e. disorder
........Read moreIn the Munich Model of Giftedness (MMG), giftedness refers to a multi-factorized ability construct within a network of non-cognitive (e.g. motivation; interests) and social moderators which are related to the giftedness factors (i.e. predictors) and the exceptional performance areas (i.e. criterion variables).
Giftedness typically refers to the presence of a talent desired in the culture and
........Read morePeople have always been interested in giftedness although the areas of performance in which one might be recognized as gifted are determined by the needs and values of the culture. There is no consensus with regards to what giftedness is. The restrictiveness of definitions of giftedness can be expressed in two ways:
There are five views on giftedness:
Children with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities (MBID) have problems with adaptive functioning in social situations and in peer relations. They are rejected more often and have problems building social relations. They show more aggressive behaviour, partially because of the lack of adequate social skills. Comorbidity is also common in MBID. Youth with MBID is overrepresented in the
........Read moreDyslexia refers to a language problem relating to the analysis of words in print. Identification of dyslexia often makes use of an exclusion criterion (e.g. IQ-achievement discrepancy) rather than several criteria. However, this exclusion criterion does not fit dyslexia properly as IQ tests in English are not reliable for a bilingual child whose language proficiency in English is
........Read moreStructural adversity and rejection by the host country may cause stress and negatively influence psychological adaptation. Adolescents are at particular risk because they have to function in different cultural contexts (e.g. family; peers; institutions; ethnic community). Turkish adolescent immigrants show more internalizing and externalizing problems compared to Dutch natives. However, there is no consensus regarding the impact of
........Read moreAcculturation refers to phenomena which result when groups of individuals having different cultures come into continuous first-hand contact with subsequent changes in the original cultural patterns of either or both groups.
Gordon’s unidimensional acculturation model states that acculturation is a process of change in the direction of the mainstream culture. The outcome is adaptation to the mainstream
........Read moreLower order processes refer to the level of letter and word recognition. Higher order processes refer to the comprehension of the content of text. Efficient word recognition processes are necessary but not sufficient for the successful execution of reading tasks. It allows the reader to allocate optimal attention to the interpretation of meanings communicated in the text but
........Read moreChildren with mathematical difficulties have particular impairments in understanding and processing numerical magnitudes. The defective number module hypothesis states that a highly specific deficit of an innate capacity to understand and represent quantities leads to difficulties in learning number and arithmetic. The access deficit hypothesis states that mathematical difficulties originate from impairments in accessing numerical meaning (i.e. their quantity)
........Read moreDyslexia refers to a specific deficit in the acquisition of reading. Dyscalculia refers to a specific deficit in the acquisition of arithmetic skills. The prevalence rates for these disorders are four to seven percent and are often comorbid.
The common deficit account states that in the case of comorbid dyscalculia and dyslexia, it may be caused
........Read moreThere is a dedicated brain area for acquiring oral language but not for written language (i.e. reading). The reading circuit consists of neural systems that support every level of language and includes visual and orthographic processes, working memory, attention, motor movements and higher-level comprehension and cognition. Each component works smoothly with accuracy and speed as reading develops automaticity
........Read more
Add new contribution