Introduction

Steinberg et al. (2009) examine the complex question of adolescent maturity, challenging the often-held assumption that they are inherently less mature than adults. They argue that maturity varies across domains and contexts, and simple comparisons often overlook key developmental changes unique to adolescence.

Methodology

The article takes a multifaceted approach:

• Review of existing research: Drawing on diverse literatures in psychology, neuroscience, and law to understand different aspects of maturity (e.g., decision-making, risk-taking, emotion regulation).
• Analysis of legal contexts: Examining how legal systems treat adolescents differently based on assumptions about their maturity.
• Presentation of developmental principles: Highlighting specific cognitive and neural changes

Introduction

Barber (2009) argues that meaningful participation in society is crucial for young people's well-being and citizenship development. He critiques traditional youth participation models that often lack authenticity and power, hindering positive outcomes.

Methodology

The article utilizes a conceptual and theoretical approach, drawing on existing research and literature on youth participation, citizenship, and well-being. It does not present original empirical data but analyzes existing frameworks and proposes a new model.

Results

Critique of existing models:

• Tokenistic participation: Young people are involved in superficial activities with little real decision-making power.
• Instrumental

Introduction

Larsen and Stasio (2019) investigate hiring discrimination against Pakistani immigrants in the UK and Norway. They employ a harmonized correspondence test to compare discrimination levels across these two countries with contrasting labor market policies and immigration histories. Their study challenges the notion that more open and diverse societies like the UK automatically lead to less discrimination than countries like Norway with stricter immigration policies.

Methodology

The authors conducted a field experiment where fictitious resumes with Pakistani and majority-group names were sent to real job advertisements in both countries. They measured discrimination by comparing callback rates between the two groups.

Results

• Both Pakistani applicants in the UK and Norway faced significantly lower callback rates compared to the majority group.
• Discrimination was more pronounced in Norway: While statistically significant, the difference in callback rates was smaller in the UK.
• No evidence was found for an interaction effect: The gap

Introduction

This article, written by Michael Czaika and Hein de Haas, delves into the complexities of assessing the effectiveness of immigration policies. It argues that the often heated public and academic debates surrounding this issue stem from conflicting definitions of policy effectiveness. These conflicting definitions arise from confusing:

• Policy discourses: Public pronouncements and rhetoric surrounding immigration policies.
• Policies on paper: The official statutes and regulations outlining immigration controls.
• Policy implementation: The actual practices and procedures used to enforce immigration controls.
• Policy impacts: The intended and unintended consequences of immigration policies on migration flows and other factors.

The authors emphasize that while public discourses often equate policy effectiveness with reducing migration flows, a more nuanced approach is necessary. They identify three distinct "policy gaps" that contribute to confusion and misassessment:

1. Discursive gap: The discrepancy between public discourses and actual policies.
2. Implementation gap: The discrepancy between policies on