What psychotherapeutic views are there? - BulletPoints 1

• Scientific research into the unconscious started in the seventeenth century under the leadership of Leibniz. In the nineteenth century, the ideas of Mesmer and Schopenhauer were leading. They influenced Freud, Adler and Jung. Mesmer was considered to be the founder of hypnotherapy. 
• Fechner and von Helmholtz were important scientists in the nineteenth century. They conducted research in cognitive science. Fechner investigated the sleep-wake rhythm and Von Helmholtz discovered the phenomenon ''unconscious inference'' - the unconscious representation of an object, constructed by knowledge from the past. Fechner and von Helmholtz's ideas are called the ''organicist tradition''. 
• Schopenhauer published a work that was regarded as the basis of field of psychology. His idea was to treat mental disorders in a non-biological way. Carus suggested that the conscious communicates with the unconscious, while the person himself is not fully aware of this process. The researcher, Benedikt, developed a way to treat pathogenic secrets. This became an important part of Jung's analytical psychotherapy. Grawe argued that psychotherapy appears to have its effects through changes in gene expression at the neuronal level.

What is psychoanalysis and in what context should it be seen? - BulletPoints 2

• The basic concepts of the psychoanalysis are the unconsciousness, fantasy, primary/secondary processes and defense mechanisms. Beck and Ellis pioneered cognitive therapy, but their original area of ​​expertise was again psychoanalysis. 
• Freud's hypnosis therapy was not reliable enough to bring back lost memories. This led to Freud developing the free association technique. Freud's seduction theory stated that sexual problems were the origin of psychological problems. Later, he suggested that fantasy and instinctive drive were important. At the beginning of the twentieth century, Freud came up with his theory about the libido. This refers to the psychic energy that can be activated by both external and internal stimuli. Freud's work on the ego, superego and the id formed the basis of the structural theory. The object relationship theory describes the process of creating internal representations in relation to significant others. In the sixties of the twentieth century, Freud's theory was dropped. 
• A therapist could never function as a white canvas because each therapist brings his own unique subjectivity. According to Klein, people are born with instinctive passions related to love and aggression, related to unconscious fantasies about interpersonal relationships. This already exists before meeting others.
• Examples of developmental stop models are Winnicot's development theory and