ExamTests with Current Psychotherapies by Wedding and Corsini

Chapter 1

Open questions (no answers available)

1. Raymond Corsini describes how a prisoner’s life changed when he was told that he had a high IQ. Why does Dr. Corsini consider this psychotherapy?

2. Although Sigmund Freud is generally called the “father of psychotherapy,” describe the contributions of his key predecessors and contemporaries.

3. Imagine that you are a beginning psychotherapist. Describe how you would utilize advances in neurosciences to inform your treatment approach.

4. Many attempts have been made historically to categorize or classify mental illnesses. Discuss the evolution of these attempts from beginning to current.

MC-questions

Question 1

Yalom suggested that, much like cooking, it is the ________ that often make all the difference in psychotherapy.

1. "throw-ins"

2. technique

3. content

4. process

Question 2

The ________ tradition suggested that only a psychological approach could provide an understanding and treatment of mental disorders.

1. psychiker

2. psychoanalytic

3. behavioral

4. somatiker

Question 3

Paul Meehl called job stresses, financial concerns, troubled children, angry spouses or in-laws, difficult colleagues etc.:

1. stressors

2. real-life

3. context-dependent stochastologicals

4. hassles

Question 4

The expression of certain genes that results from their activation by specific but common environmental events is referred to as:

1. heuristics

2. macrogenetics

3. evolution

4. epigenetics

Question 5

Hippocrates considered the ________ to be the seat of knowledge and learning.

1. soul

2. brain

3. uterus

4. liver

Question 6

The key to resolving the long-standing conflict between the organicists and psychodynamicists, according to the authors, is:

1. compromise

2. eclectisim

3. integration

4. confrontation

Question 7

The notion that transference occurs on an unconscious level can be traced to the contributions of:

1. Freud

2. Carus

3. Schopenhauer

4. Jung

Question 8

The study of the unconscious is commonly thought to have started with the study of the subliminal perceptions in daily life conducted by:

1. Leibniz

2. Fechner

3. Freud

4. Jung

Question 9

The primary obstacle to developing a science of psychotherapy is:

1. the complex and changing context of our patients' daily lives

2. the sheer number of potent client and personological variables that must be considered

3. the emergence of managed care

4. lack of objective criteria to evaluate validity

Question 10

Long before Freud, ________ argued that we are driven by blind, irrational forces of which we are largely unaware and that we know things that we are unaware that we know.

1. Jung

2. Brucke

3. Breuer

4. Schopenhauer

Answer indication MC-questions

1. A

2. A

3. C

4. D

5. B

6. C

7. B

8. A

9. B

10. D

Chapter 2

MC-questions

Question 1

The cornerstone concept of psychoanalysis, ________, reflects the deep patterning of old experiences in relationships as they emerge in current life.

1. free association

2. dream analysis

3. resistance

4. transference

Question 2

Free Association is utilized in psychoanalysis because:

1. manualized approaches to therapy routinely invoke it

2. ethical guidelines require the use of this technique

3. it fosters the development of postconventional (worldcentric) moral maturity

4. powerful aspects of the patient's inner life has been operating without his full awareness

Question 3

The two basic elements of cure in psychodynamic treatments are:

1. insight and catharsis

2. the therapeutic relationship and exploratory work

3. transference and "working through"

4. symptom substitution and catharsis

Question 4

The ________ orients the individual toward the external world and serves as a mediator between one's external and internal worlds.

1. resistance

2. ego

3. superego

4. id

Question 5

The ________ of the dream is the overt dream story, and the ________ consists of its underlying meanings.

1. manifest content; latent content

2. latent content; manifest content

3. meaning; symbolism

4. script; interpretation

Question 6

The essence of transference neurosis is that the patient:

1. gradually begins to understand the meaning of her symptoms.

2. integrates the insights provided by the analyst.

3. replays her core relationship problems in the analysis.

4. regresses to an earlier psychosexual stage.

Question 7

________ is credited with bringing the ego and defense mechanisms to the forefront of psychoanalysis.

1. Otto Kernberg

2. Sigmund Freud

3. Anna Freud

4. Wilhelm Reich

Question 8

As a form of treatment, psychoanalytic therapies are particularly well suited for the many patients who suffer from what Sullivan termed:

1. "problems in living"

2. psychosis

3. borderline conditions

4. neurosis

Question 9

The CCRT corresponds to Freud's essential observations about:

1. the psychopathology of everyday life

2. transference

3. the interaction between biological factors and the vicissitudes of experience

4. the manifest content of dreams

Question 10

Unlike the medical model, which sees symptoms as a sign of a disorder, in psychodynamic theory, a symptom is:

1. an abstract entity

2. a biological response

3. an emotion

4. a clue

Question 11

The term that refers to the commonality in the Core Conflictual Relationship Theme (CCRT) in each of three fundamental areas of the patient's life is:

1. real or anticipated responses from others

2. the patient's "wishes"

3. the "convergence of spheres"

4. responses from the self

Answer indication MC-questions

1. C

2. D

3. B

4. B

5. A

6. C

7. C

8. A

9. B

10. D

11. C

Chapter 3

MC-questions

Question 1

To an Adlerian, the meaning of life is:

1. determined by heredity
2. universally the same for all humans
3. environmentally established
4. personally chosen

Question 2

A major goal of Adlerian psychotherapy can be viewed as a modification of:

1. behavior
2. defenses
3. conflicts
4. motivation

Question 3

Weltbild refers to our

1. personal "right-wrong" code
2. picture of the world
3. convictions about who we should be
4. convictions about who we are

Question 4

Normality, or mental healthiness, in an Adlerian framework would be defined by an individual's degree of:

1. unconscious conflicts
2. social interest
3. personal desires
4. life-style

Question 5

In developing therapeutic relationships, Adlerian therapists:

1. facilitate and interpret transference relationships
2. discount the concept of the anonymous therapist
3. magnify social distance between therapist and patient
4. adhere to the concept of the anonymous therapist

Answer indication MC-questions

1. D

2. D

3. B

4. B

5. B

Chapter 4

MC-questions

Question 1

Jung's term for the vast, hidden psychic resource shared by all human beings is:

1. animus
2. collective unconscious
3. complex
4. archetype

Question 2

According to Jung, a(n) ________ is an organizing principle, a system of readiness, and a dynamic nucleus of energy.

1. archetype
2. persona
3. personal shadow
4. symbol

Question 3

Emotionally charged associations of ideas and feelings that act as magnets to draw a net of imagery, memories, and ideas into their orbit are called:

1. archetypes
2. the transcendent function
3. attitudes
4. complexes

Question 4

Unlike Freud, Jung considered the ________ to be the royal road to the unconscious.

1. archetype
2. word association test
3. mental functions
4. complex

Question 5

________ is a feminine archetypal image most often represented through the feminine part of a man; ________ is a masculine archetypal image most often represented through the masculine part of a woman.

1. Anima; animus
2. Anima; shadow
3. Animus; anima
4. Shadow; animus

Question 6

Defined as archetypal energy that orders and integrates the personality, the ________ is the goal of personal development.

1. self
2. collective unconscious
3. shadow
4. animus

Question 7

The ________ contains everything that could or should be part of the ego but that the ego denies or refuses to develop.

1. superego
2. personal shadow
3. collective unconscious
4. self

Question 8

The public "face" of an individual in society, the ________ shields the ego and reveals appropriate aspects of it, serving to smooth the individual's interactions with society.

1. persona
2. shadow
3. anima
4. self

Question 9

In Psychological Types (1921/1971), Jung described varying ways in which individuals habitually respond to the world. The two basic responses are:

1. sensing and intuiting
2. thinking and introversion
3. thinking and feeling
4. introversion and extraversion

Question 10

For the ________, energy flows predominantly inward, with reality consisting of their reaction to an event, object, or person.

1. sensing type
2. extravert
3. feeling type
4. introvert

Question 11

Largely unconscious, the ________ is often seen first in shadow and animus/anima subpersonalities. It may cause trouble when it breaks into consciousness, but it can also bring creativity and freshness, appearing when the mature personality feels lifeless and spent.

1. least-developed function
2. self
3. collective unconscious
4. shadow

Question 12

Jung called symbols or images that synthesize opposing attitudes or conditions in the psyche:

1. transcendent functions
2. persona
3. attitudes
4. enantiodromia

Question 13

For Jung, pathological symptoms derive from:

1. the frustrated urge toward wholeness
2. the inevitable conflict between biological drives and societal constraints
3. the collective unconscious
4. enantiodromia

Question 14

Analytical psychotherapy, in its most complete form, has the goal of helping patients discover and live up to their full potential. This is known as:

1. self-actualization
2. awareness
3. balance
4. overcompensation

Answer indication MC-questions

1. B

2. A

3. D

4. D

5. A

6. A

7. B

8. A

9. D

10. D

11. A

12. A

13. A

14. A

Chapter 5

MC-questions

Question 1

The ongoing process in which individuals freely rely on the evidence of their own senses for making value judgments is known as:

1. "becoming"
2. self-actualization
3. the organismic valuing process
4. unconditional positive regard

Question 2

Which of the following is not one of the necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change?

1. Therapeutic neutrality
2. Unconditional positive regard
3. Congruence
4. Empathic understanding of the client's internal frame of reference

Question 3

Experiences at variance with the concept of self are:

1. projected onto others
2. denied symbolization
3. emphasized
4. ignored

Question 4

________ represents the therapist's ongoing process of assimilating, integrating and symbolizing the flow of experiences in awareness.

1. Unconditional positive regard
2. Positive reinforcement
3. Empathic understanding
4. Congruence

Question 5

Roger's early work was clearly influenced by the contributions of:

1. Carl Jung
2. Harry Stack Sullivan
3. Otto Rank
4. Sigmund Freud

Question 6

Psychological adjustment or maladjustment is defined by:

1. congruence, or its absence
2. meaning, or lack thereof
3. the absence of symptoms
4. contentment or discontent

Question 7

The motivation of all living organisms to maintain and enhance themselves is called the:

1. actualizing tendency
2. drive for authenticity
3. organismic valuing process
4. life force

Question 8

The end-point of personality development is seen as:

1. elimination of neurosis
2. a theoretical ideal, not really possible for most people
3. basic congruence between the phenomenal field of experience and the conceptual structure of the self
4. emergence of the "self"

Question 9

A warm appreciation or prizing of the other person is the definition of:

1. congruence
2. empathic understanding
3. the organismic valuing process
4. unconditional positive regard

Question 10

Rogers considered classification and diagnosis to be:

1. an unfortunate necessity in today's market
2. helpful, in some cases
3. a colossal waste of time, for the most part
4. absolutely necessary if therapy is to be effective

Answer indication MC-questions

1. C
2. A
3. B
4. D
5. C
6. A
7. A
8. C
9. D
10. C

Chapter 6

MC-questions

Question 1

The "irrational beliefs" of REBT are considered to be similar to:

1. Adler's "basic mistakes"
2. Rogers' idea of incongruence
3. Jung's concept of the persona
4. Freud's notion of manifest content

Question 2

The most difficult clients for REBT practitioners are usually:

1. chronic avoiders or shirkers who keep looking for magical solutions
2. personality-disordered individuals
3. depressed individuals
4. individuals from other cultures

Question 3

When members of the Society of Clinical Psychology were asked to name the most influential person in the history of psychotherapy, the individuals most often listed were (in order):

1. Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and Carl Rogers
2. Carl Rogers, Albert Ellis, and Sigmund Freud
3. Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck and Karen Horney
4. Sigmund Freud, Irving Yalom, and Albert Ellis

Question 4

The statement "People are disturbed not by things, but by the view which they take of them," is attributed to:

1. Galen
2. Homer
3. Aristotle
4. Epictetus

Question 5

Beliefs may be considered to be irrational when they:

1. have a psychotic premise
2. have their origins in the unconscious
3. cause the person to question their own worth
4. insist that something in the universe should, ought, or must be different from the way it is

Question 6

According to Ellis, people became anxious and depressed when they:

1. care too much about what other people think
2. focus on feelings instead of thoughts
3. repress their innate sexual and aggressive desires
4. don't care enough about what other people think

Question 7

The most elegant solution to the problems resulting from irrational demandingness is to:

1. use distraction
2. help individuals to become less demanding
3. systematically explore the historical reasons for their occurrence
4. temporarily satisfy the client's "needs"

Question 8

According to Albert Ellis' Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, (REBT), emotional consequences are largely created by:

1. activating events
2. neurological dysfunction
3. interpersonal misfortune
4. the individual's belief system

Question 9

Ellis discovered that his clients were reluctant to surrender their basic irrational premises because of their tendency:

1. to musturbate
2. to blame the therapist
3. to blame their parents
4. to resist parent images

Question 10

The best way to interrupt disturbed thought processes is usually to:

1. focus on relaxation and deep-breathing
2. go deep into the unconscious to uncover the cause
3. learn to suppress the problem
4. focus on the anxiety-creating belief system

Answer indication MC-questions

1. A

2. A

3. B

4. D

5. D

6. A

7. B

8. D

9. A

10. D

Chapter 7

MC-questions

Question 1

Which concept refers to separating thoughts from their referents and differentiating the thinker from the thoughts?

1. cognitive defusion
2. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
3. discrimination learning
4. experiential avoidance

Question 2

________ refers to one's belief about being able to perform certain tasks or achieve certain goals.

1. Self-efficacy
2. Self-confidence
3. Mindfulness
4. Narcissism

Question 3

A distinctive and seminal therapeutic strategy in Dialectical Behavior Therapy is:

1. the prominence afforded intervening variables and hypothetical constructs
2. the assumption that behavior is a function of its consequences
3. the basic assumption is that it is not so much experience itself, but rather the person's interpretation of that experience, that produces psychological disturbance
4. mindfulness training

Question 4

Negative reinforcement refers to:

1. the cessation or removal of a response
2. the occurrence of behavior in situations other than that in which it was acquired
3. an increase in behavior as a result of avoiding or escaping from an aversive event that one would have expected to occur
4. an increase in the frequency of a response followed by a favorable event

Question 5

The typical behavior therapist is likely to utilize all of the following in their clinical practice except:

1. imagery based techniques
2. self-control procedures
3. projective techniques
4. assertiveness and social skills training

Question 6

A(n) ________ is tightly controlled, with random assignment of patients to different treatments, the use of manual-based treatments, the inclusion of therapists who have been carefully trained in the use of the specific treatments, and rigorous assessment of outcome by independent evaluators, while ________ are usually less well-controlled.

1. multiple baseline study; efficacy studies
2. efficacy study; effectiveness studies
3. effectiveness study; efficacy studies
4. ABA reversal design; multiple baseline studies

Question 7

Wolpe regarded ________, defined as a persistent response of the autonomic nervous system acquired through classical conditioning, as the causal agent in all neurotic reactions.

1. stress
2. self-doubt
3. depression
4. anxiety

Question 8

________ is a direct extension of Skinner's radical behaviorism.

1. Applied behavior analysis
2. Social-cognitive theory
3. The neobehavioristic stimulus-response model
4. Dialectical behavior therapy

Question 9

Exposure and response prevention treatment has significantly improved the clinical treatment of which disorder?

1. Major Depression
2. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
3. Schizophrenia
4. Agoraphobia

Question 10

Mischel invoked the notion of ________ to explain the interchange between the person and the situation.

1. self-efficacy
2. operant conditioning
3. person variables
4. hypothetical constructs
    

Answer indication MC-questions

1. A

2. A

3. D

4. C

5. C

6. B

7. D

8. A

9. B

10. C

Chapter 8

MC-questions

Question 1

Thoughts that intercede between an event or stimulus and the individual's emotional and behavioral reactions, and which are generated from underlying assumptions are called:

1. cognitive distortions
2. core beliefs
3. automatic thoughts
4. voluntary thoughts

Question 2

________ has (have) been confirmed as a predictor of eventual suicide.

1. Hopelessness
2. Overgeneralization
3. Maladaptive assumptions
4. Automatic thoughts

Question 3

The concept of ________ refers to a view of the patient as a practical scientist who lives by interpreting stimuli but who has been temporarily thwarted by his or her own information-gathering and integrating apparatus.

1. guided discovery
2. collaborative empiricism
3. sociotropy
4. Socratic dialogue

Question 4

Drawing a specific conclusion without supporting evidence or even in the face of contradictory evidence is a(n):

1. minimization
2. selective abstraction
3. overgeneralization
4. arbitrary inference

Question 5

Some modes, such as the anxiety mode, are primal, meaning they are:

1. universal and tied to survival
2. under conscious control
3. always triggered by misperceptions or overreactions
4. displayed only in social situations

Question 6

Which of the following is not one of the three major approaches to treating dysfunctional modes?

1. Deactivating them
2. Constructing more adaptive modes to neutralize them
3. Modifying their content and structure
4. Learning to repress them more effectively

Question 7

A negative view of the self, the world, and the future characterizes:

1. anxiety
2. borderline personality disorder
3. arbitrary inference
4. depression

Question 8

Which of the following is not one of the learning experiences characteristic of cognitive therapy?

1. Monitoring of negative, automatic thoughts
2. Recognizing the connections among cognition, affect, and behavior
3. Challenging the validity of irrational beliefs
4. Substituting more reality-oriented interpretations for biased cognitions

Question 9

In cognitive therapy, the patient's maladaptive conclusions are treated as:

1. testable hypotheses
2. compensatory messages from the unconscious
3. irrational
4. basic mistakes

Question 10

Each individual has a set of idiosyncratic vulnerabilities and sensitivities that predispose him or her to psychological distress. These vulnerabilities appear to be related to:

1. personality structure
2. arbitrary inference
3. hopelessness
4. cognitive distortions

Question 11

________ techniques test automatic thoughts and assumptions by considering alternative causes of events.

1. Decentering
2. Decatastrophizing
3. Reattribution
4. Redefining
    

Answer indication MC-questions

1. C

2. A

3. B

4. D

5. A

6. C

7. D

8. C

9. A

10. A

11. C

Chapter 9

MC-questions

Question 1

The ultimate existential concern is:

1. meaning
2. freedom
3. death
4. isolation

Question 2

The most powerful awakening experience is a confrontation with:

1. meaninglessness
2. one's personal death
3. loss of freedom
4. isolation

Question 3

From the existential perspective, psychopathology, to a very great extent, is the result of:

1. incongruence between the real self and ideal self
2. cognitive distortions
3. failed death transcendence
4. societal limitations

Question 4

Which of the following would constitute a "boundary situation?"

1. A sudden thrust into isolation
2. A confrontation with death
3. The facing of some important irreversible decision
4. All of these choices

Question 5

It is the task of the existential therapist to maintain focus on:

1. clues as to the contents of the unconscious
2. the "here and now" relationship
3. the cognitive distortions of the client
4. the ways in which the past has determined the actions of the client

Question 6

The focus of existential psychotherapy is on:

1. identification and elimination of cognitive distortions
2. greater awareness of the contents of the unconscious
3. alleviating symptoms
4. greater awareness and freedom in relation to living

Question 7

The existential therapist's most valuable instrument is:

1. theoretical knowledge
2. experience
3. technical eclecticism
4. his or her own self

Question 8

The primary solution to the problem of meaninglessness is:

1. engagement
2. repression
3. meditation
4. anxiolytic medication

Question 9

The role of the existential therapist is one of:

1. fellow traveler
2. doctor
3. expert
4. friend

Question 10

An urgent experience that propels the individual into a confrontation with an existential situation is a(n):

1. conflict
2. emergency
3. awakening experience
4. chance encounter

Question 11

The idea that we all live in a universe without inherent design, in which we are the authors of our own lives, refers to the existential concern with:

1. death
2. meaning
3. freedom
4. isolation

Answer indication MC-questions

1. C

2. B

3. C

4. D

5. B

6. D

7. D

8. A

9. A

10. C

11. C

Chapter 10

MC-questions

Question 1

The primary tool of gestalt therapy is:

1. direct experience
2. positive reinforcement
3. homework
4. compromise

Question 2

Knowing and owning what one senses, feels emotionally, observes, needs or wants, and believes is referred to as:

1. being "in-touch"
2. organismic self-regulation
3. self-awareness
4. self-actualization

Question 3

When ideas, identity, beliefs, and so on, are taken in without awareness, the boundary disturbance of ________ results.

1. isolation
2. confluence
3. introjection
4. projection

Question 4

The only goal of gestalt therapy is:

1. awareness
2. symptom relief
3. self-actualization
4. automaton conformity

Question 5

Journal writing, poetry, art, and movement are all examples of ________, which can be used to clarify feelings in ways that talking alone cannot.

1. projective techniques
2. dialogue
3. paradoxical techniques
4. creative expression

Question 6

Which of the following is not emphasized in gestalt therapy?

1. contact
2. the unconscious
3. experimentation
4. conscious awareness

Question 7

The process of experiencing what is to be taken in, deconstructing it, keeping what is useful, and discarding what is not is called:

1. retroflection
2. projection
3. creative adjustment
4. assimilation

Question 8

In keeping with the emphasis in gestalt therapy on the actual and direct experience of the participants, the most commonly used therapeutic techniques are those having to do with:

1. correcting thinking errors
2. focusing
3. recollecting
4. planning

Question 9

The terrifying experience that occurs when a person's customary supports are not available and new supports have not yet been mobilized, is called:

1. assimilation
2. neurosis
3. a boundary disturbance
4. an impasse

Question 10

The major difference between contemporary gestalt therapy and REBT or cognitive behavior therapy is that in gestalt therapy:

1. the therapist retains a sense of therapeutic neutrality
2. the therapist does not pretend to know the truth about what is irrational
3. the therapist tends to focus on how the past determines the present
4. the therapist is a "blank screen"

Answer indication MC-questions

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. A

5. D

6. B

7. D

8. B

9. D

10. B

Chapter 11

MC-questions

Question 1

From the IPT perspective, regardless of the causes of depression, the triggers of depressive episodes involve:

1. disruptions of significant attachments and social roles
2. neurological dysfunction
3. financial stressors
4. unconscious motivations

Question 2

The evidence for the efficacy of IPT is strongest for:

1. mood disorders
2. personality disorders
3. anxiety disorders
4. psychotic disorders

Question 3

IPT was originally developed with the intention of:

1. challenging the primacy of psychodynamic approaches to the treatment of depression
2. establishing an alternative to cognitive behaviorism
3. developing a psychotherapy for a clinical trial testing the efficacy of antidepressant medication as a maintenance treatment for unipolar depression
4. creating a new psychotherapy for depression

Question 4

The aim of ________ is to help patients understand the interpersonal message they wish to convey, and clarify what stood in the way of conveying that message or whether the message conveyed was not what they wanted or needed to get across

1. generating options
2. linking mood to the interpersonal event
3. communication analysis
4. role-playing

Question 5

The fundamental principle of Interpersonal Psychotherapy is that depression occurs:

1. in an interpersonal context
2. as a result of irrational beliefs
3. when aggression is turned toward the self
4. when there is incongruence between the real self and ideal self

Question 6

Pretreatment or baseline characteristics that suggest for whom or under what conditions a treatment works are known as:

1. demographic variables
2. common factors
3. comorbid conditions
4. moderators, or effect modifiers

Question 7

Markowitz and colleagues (2006) note that there is a strong rationale for treating ________ with IPT.

1. Schizoid Personality Disorder
2. Borderline Personality Disorder
3. Dependent Personality Disorder
4. less severe variants of mental retardation

Question 8

Difficulty making transitions between stages in life and/or changes in life circumstances is the definition of:

1. interpersonal disputes
2. role transitions
3. interpersonal deficits
4. grief

Question 9

Despite being recognized as one of the three component processes of pathology, IPT research and practice has historically been reluctant to focus on:

1. personality and character problems
2. mood disorders
3. symptom function
4. social and interpersonal relations

Question 10

Which of the following is not a therapeutic strategy of IPT?

1. Gently identifying and correcting depressogenic cognitions
2. Giving patients' symptoms a name
3. Allowing patients to take on the sick role
4. Instilling hope about recovery

Answer indication MC-questions

1. A

2. A

3. C

4. C

5. A

6. D

7. B

8. B

9. A

10. A

Chapter 12

MC-questions

Question 1

The multigenerational accounting system of who, psychologically speaking, owes what to whom, is called:

1. the redundancy principle
2. a paradoxical intervention
3. a genogram
4. the "family ledger"

Question 2 

The term ________ is used to describe a false sense of family closeness in which the family gives the appearance of taking part in a mutual, open, and understanding relationship without really doing so.

1. pseudohostility
2. redundancy principle
3. mystification
4. pseudomutuality

Question 3

________ are invisible lines that separate a system, a subsystem, or an individual from outside surroundings.

1. Boundaries
2. Genograms
3. Cybernetics
4. Feedback loops

Question 4

From the family therapy perspective, any cause may be seen as an effect of a previous cause and, in turn, the cause of a later event. This is the essence of:

1. linear causality
2. pseudohostility
3. circular causality
4. homeostatis

Question 5

The process in which a particular individual is held responsible for whatever goes wrong with the family, thus enabling family members to avoid dealing with what is really taking place, is known as ________.

1. mystification
2. scapegoating
3. blaming
4. family sculpting

Question 6

Apparent quarreling or bickering between family members which is, in reality, merely a superficial tactic for avoiding deeper and more genuine feelings, is the definition of:

1. pseudomutuality
2. scapegoating
3. externalization
4. pseudohostility

Question 7

A(n) ________ consists of directing families to continue to manifest their presenting "involuntary" symptoms, thus demonstrating that they are, in fact, under voluntary control.

1. miracle question
2. therapeutic double bind
3. enactment
4. externalization

Question 8

In family therapy, the family member considered to be the problem in the family is called the:

1. identified patient
2. help-seeker
3. client
4. defuser

Question 9

________ family therapy focuses on how families are organized, family rules, roles, alignments and coalitions, boundaries and subsystems.

1. Social Constructionist
2. Structural
3. Object Relations
4. Strategic

Question 10

The situation in which parents undermine their spouses, repeatedly threaten divorce and vie for the loyalty and affection of the children, is known as:

1. scapegoating
2. pseudohostility
3. marital schism
4. marital skew

Answer indication MC-questions

1. D

2. D

3. A

4. C

5. B

6. D

7. B

8. A

9. B

10. C

Chapter 13

MC-questions

Question 1

________ was the first explicitly integrative school of Western psychology.
    a.    Psychoanalysis
    b.    Person-centered therapy
    c.    Transpersonal psychology
    d.    Rational-emotive behavior therapy

Question 2

Within the contemplative perspective, the term craving most closely corresponds to our Western concept of:
    a.    irrational beliefs
    b.    addiction
    c.    psychosis
    d.    obsession

Question 3

The aim of ________ is (are) to develop clear sensitive awareness and to explore the nature of mind and experience, thereby fostering mental health and maturation.
    a.    yoga
    b.    awareness meditations
    c.    peak experiences
    d.    concentration meditations

Question 4

The underlying principle of "wise attention" is:
    a.    "What we focus on, we become"
    b.    "You are what you eat"
    c.    "As one's food, so is one's mind"
    d.    "When the deep meaning of things is not understood, the mind's essential peace is disturbed to no avail"

Question 5

The unrecognized mental dullness, mindlessness, or unconsciousness that misperceives and misunderstands the nature of mind and reality is called:
    a.    craving
    b.    addiction
    c.    neurosis
    d.    delusion

Question 6

From the contemplative perspective, psychological suffering is largely a function of:
    a.    our usual state of mind
    b.    incongruence
    c.    social inequities
    d.    cognitive errors

Question 7

Which of the following is not characteristic of the contemplative ideal of health?
    a.    Development of specific healthy mental qualities and capacities
    b.    Maturation to postconventional, transpersonal levels
    c.    Identification with the ego-ideal
    d.    Relinquishment of unhealthy mental qualities such as craving, aversion, and delusion

Question 8

The term ________ refers to a family of self-regulation practices that focus on training attention and awareness in order to bring mental processes under greater voluntary control.
    a.    biofeedback
    b.    yoga
    c.    mantra
    d.    meditation

Question 9

Buddhists refer to the three causes of psychopathology as:
    a.    the "Big Three"
    b.    the "triumvirate"
    c.    the "three-headed serpent"
    d.    the "three poisons"

Question 10

An important difference between meditation and Western therapeutic strategies is the focus on:
    a.    biological functions
    b.    attention and awareness
    c.    cognitive functions
    d.    the unconscious

Question 11

Contemplative therapies teach us that our self-image is:
    a.    impossible to change
    b.    determined early in life
    c.    a fabrication
    d.    a product of our learning history

Answer indication MC-questions

1. C

2. B

3. B

4. A

5. D

6. A

7. C

8. D

9. D

10. B

11. C

Chapter 14

MC-questions

Question 1

Generally, a clinician conceptualizes cases from a cognitive theoretical framework and uses cognitive and behavioral techniques. However, in a therapy session, an empty chair technique was used. This decision is consistent with:

1. theoretical integration
2. common factors
3. technical eclecticism
4. assimilative integration

Question 2

Directive and structural techniques are most likely to be effective with individuals who have:

1. high levels of resistance
2. internalizing coping styles
3. aggresive coping styles
4. low levels of resistance

Question 3

Integrative psychotherapy is based on:

1. eclecticism
2. ideological superiority
3. syncretism
4. pharmacotherapy

Question 4

An individual who is in the contemplation stage of change is:

1. intending to make changes in the near future
2. working on modifying their behavior
3. aware of a problem and considering change
4. unaware that they have a problem

Question 5

Integrative psychotherapy uses psychological assessment in a traditional manner, with the exception that:

1. psychological assessment measures are used at intake and not at other points of therapy
2. therapists collect information on multiple patient dimensions that guide treatment selection
3. projective techniques are never used due to their lack of empirical validation in the literature
4. assessment techniques are only utilized if the patient preferences include it as part of treatment

Answer indication MC-questions

1. D

2. D

3. A

4. C

5. B

Chapter 15

MC-questions

Question 1

Those cultures where individuals' identity is associated with their relationships to others are called:

1. socialistic
2. individualistic
3. agrarian
4. collectivistic

Question 2

An examination of cultural trauma is of particular interest during the ________ stage of an ethnocultural assessment.

1. heritage
2. self-adjustment and relationships
3. saga
4. niche

Question 3

Attitudes, policies and practices that are destructive to cultures and to individuals within cultures are known as:

1. cultural blindness
2. cultural destructiveness
3. cultural pre-competence
4. cultural incapacity

Question 4

When individuals begin to question and suspect the dominant group's cultural values, they are at which stage of minority identity development?

1. dissonance
2. introspection
3. resistance-immersion
4. conformity

Question 5

According to Bennet's multicultural sensitivity development model, when individuals recognize other cultures but denigrate them, they are operating at which stage of development?

1. adaptation
2. minimization
3. denial
4. defense

Question 6

The belief that one's worldview is inherently superior and desirable to others is known as:

1. worldview
2. ethnocentrism
3. multiculturalism
4. conscientization

Question 7

A culture-centered assessment based on an anthropological method developed to address how clients present their problems to their psychotherapists, the meaning they attribute to their distress, their help seeking behavior, etc., is called a(n):

1. a cultural interview
2. explanatory model of distress
3. ethnocultural assessment
4. cultural genogram

Question 8

The main difference between folk healers and mainstream psychotherapists is folk healers' promotion of:

1. awareness and attention
2. liberation
3. spiritual development
4. empowerment

Question 9

________ refers to the set of knowledge, behaviors, attitudes, skills and policies that enable a practitioner to work effectively in a multicultural situation.

1. Cultural transcendence
2. Cultural competence
3. Technical eclecticism
4. Worldview

Question 10

Being harassed in public places, ignored by clerks who favor White customers, being accused of being an "Affirmative Action baby" and being targeted for racial profiling are examples of:

1. cultural pre-competence
2. functional aggression
3. reaction formation
4. racial microaggressions

Answer indication MC-questions

1. D

2. A

3. B

4. A

5. D

6. B

7. B

8. C

9. B

10. D

Chapter 16

MC-questions

Question 1

A study of the combined data from the first eight national, anonymous self-report surveys that appeared in peer-reviewed journals found that ________ of the 5,148 therapists surveyed reported having engaged in sex with at least one patient.

1. less than 1%
2. over 20%
3. 15%
4. 4.4%

Question 2

Sexual involvement with a patient is justified:

1. never
2. only under the most unusual and extenuating circumstances
3. when both therapist and patient consent
4. when it is theoretically indicated

Question 3

The American Psychological Association's justification for allowing psychologists to assist in the interrogation of detainees was based on:

1. patriotism
2. legal obligations
3. psychologists' unique competencies
4. cultural destructiveness

Question 4

The United States government has attempted to deal with the absence of uniform standards and clear guidelines for therapy by establishing the:

1. National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH)
2. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)
3. American Psychological Association (APA)
4. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)

Question 5

Pope and Vetter's (1991) research identified ________ as the second most often reported ethical dilemma.

1. blurred, dual, or conflictual relationships
2. confidentiality
3. financial arrangements
4. sexual involvement with a patient

Question 6

________ restricts the practice of a profession, whereas ________ restricts the use of a profession's name.

1. Licensure; certification
2. Certification; registry
3. Accreditation; registry
4. Certification; licensure

Question 7

Who stated that, instead of looking at the "effectiveness" of therapy, researchers need to ask "What treatment, by whom, is most effective for this individual with that specific problem, and under which set of circumstances?"

1. Sigmund Freud
2. Gordon Paul
3. Carl Rogers
4. Irving Yalom

Answer indication MC-questions

1. D

2. A

3. C

4. D

5. A

6. A

7. B