What psychotherapeutic views are there? - ExamTests 1

Questions

Question 1

The psychotherapeutic term “dynamic” was first used by:

1. Sigmund Freud.

2. Hippocrates.

3. Franz Anton Mesmer.

4. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.

Question 2

Herman von Helmholtz described the unconscious reconstruction of what our past taught us about an object as:

1. Restructuring objects.

2. Unconscious inference.

3. Psychic stimulation.

4. Cognitive discovery.

Question 3

Hellenist physicians believed the organ contributing to mental illness was the:

1. Brain.

2. Heart.

3. Liver.

4. Blood.

Question 4

Jungian therapy, based on the work of Moritz Benedikt, underscores the importance of:

1. Rewarding positive behavior.

2. Unconditional positive regard.

3. Cognitive distortions.

4. Purging pathogenic secrets.

Question 5

The idea that nonlinear messages are systematically sent between the unconscious and the conscious in human interactions was developed by:

1. Carl Gustav Carus.

2. Franz Anton Mesmer.

3. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.

4. Hippocrates.

Question 6

Due to multicultural differences, segments of the population would likely benefit from:

1. Indigenized psychotherapies.

2. Exporting Euro-American psychotherapists.

3. Accepting a universal approach to psychotherapy.

4. Abandoning cultural philosophies.

Question 7

The organicist tradition refers to scientists who were:

1. Somatic focused.

2. Integrating music into therapy.

3. Environmentalists.

4. Lab-based.

Question 8

Corsini illustrates a change in an inmate’s life after learning he had a high IQ. This story demonstrates that psychotherapy can be broadly defined as any:

1. Technique which teaches a patient a new skill.

2. Interaction between a therapist and a patient.

3. Self-concept-altering experience.

4. Interpretation provided to a patient.

Question 9

The expression of certain genes that result from their activation by specific but common environmental events is referred to as:

1. Epigenetics.

2. Somatiker.

3. Psychiker.

4. Neuronal decay.

Question 10

Emil Kraepelin’s work focused heavily on:

1. Classifications of diseases.

2. Use of hypnosis.

3. Surgical approaches to mental illness.

4. Multicultural variants of illness.

Question 11

Neurosciences suggest elective psychotherapy leads to changes at the:

1. Cognitive level.

2. Neuronal level.

3. Behavioral level.

4. Interpersonal level.

Question 12

The idea that similar ideas attract and strengthen one another’s ability to be conscious is the result of the work of:

1. Hippocrates.

2. Johann Friedrich Herbart.

3. Thomas Mann.

4. Alfred Adler.

Question 13

Positive psychology has considerable momentum and is most commonly linked with the work of:

1. Aaron Beck.

2. Sigmund Freud.

3. Martin Seligman.

4. Albert Ellis.

Question 14

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz is credited with the:

1. Development of systematic psychotherapy.

2. First scientific study of the unconscious.

3. Identification of defence mechanisms.

4. Creation of the nature versus nurture debate.

Question 15

Franz Anton Mesmer is often viewed as the pioneer of:

1. Manualized therapy.

2. Free association.

3. Hypnotherapy.

4. Behavioral intervention.

Question 16

For the coding of mental illnesses for the purposes of reimbursement, as of October 2014, U.S. clinicians will need to use the:

1. MMPI-2-RF.

2. DSM-5.

3. ICD-10-CM.

4. PAI.

Question 17

Pope and Wedding would argue that in deciding to use psychotropic medications:

1. Preset clinical objectives need to be determined.

2. Immediate early genes are irrelevant.

3. Psychotherapy has occurred if patients suffering has been alleviated.

4. Psychotherapy’s common factors are undermined.

Question 18

Arthur Schopenhauer’s principle argument was that:

1. Unconscious material could easily be made conscious.

2. We are driven by blind, irrational forces.

3. Free will prevailed over determinism.

4. The unconscious did not exist at all.

Question 19

Yalom suggested that, much like cooking, it is the ________ that often make all the difference in psychotherapy.

1. "Throw-ins".

2. Technique.

3. Content.

4. Process.

Question 20

Paul Meehl called job stresses, financial concerns, troubled children, angry spouses or in-laws, difficult colleagues etc.:

1. Stressors.

2. Real-life.

3. Context-dependent stochastologicals.

4. Hassles.

Question 21

Hippocrates considered the ________ to be the seat of knowledge and learning.

1. Soul.

2. Brain.

3. Uterus.

4. Liver.

Question 22

The key to resolving the long-standing conflict between the organicists and psychodynamicists, according to the authors, is:

1. Compromise.

2. Eclecticism.

3. Integration.

4. Confrontation.

Question 23

The notion that transference occurs on an unconscious level can be traced to the contributions of:

1. Freud.

2. Carus.

3. Schopenhauer.

4. Jung.

Question 24

The study of the unconscious is commonly thought to have started with the study of the subliminal perceptions in daily life conducted by:

1. Leibniz.

2. Fechner.

3. Freud.

4. Jung.

Question 25

The primary obstacle to developing a science of psychotherapy is:

1. The complex and changing context of our patients' daily lives.

2. The sheer number of potent client and personological variables that must be considered.

3. The emergence of managed care.

4. Lack of objective criteria to evaluate validity.

Question 26

Long before Freud, ________ argued that we are driven by blind, irrational forces of which we are largely unaware and that we know things that we are unaware that we know.

1. Jung.

2. Brucke.

3. Breuer.

4. Schopenhauer.

Answer indication

Question 1

D. Leibniz studied the role of subliminal perceptions and came up with the term ''dynamic'' to describe the forces operative in the unconscious processes.

Question 2

B. The experimentalist Helmholtz discovered this phenomenon in 1861.

Question 3

A. The brain is not only the seat of knowledge but also the source of depression and madness.

Question 4

D. The technique ''purging pathogenic secrets'' was made part of the Jung's analytic psychotherapy.

Question 5

A. According to Carus, both parties in an interaction communicate with each other in an paravocal, organic and affective modes of which both participants are not aware.

Question 6

A. Hoshmand states that ''indigenous culture provides native ways of knowing what is salient with the local ethos and what are credible ways of addressing human problems.''

Question 7

D. The spirit and approach of the lab-based scientists became known as the organicist tradition.

Question 8

C. Corsini states ''..complete change of self-concept was generated - and consequently a change in both his behavior and feelings.''

Question 9

A. External events can turn genes on or off by enabling synthesis of proteins that act on the genome in cell nuclei.

Question 10

A. Kraepelin turned his attention to describing diseases, schematizing their course and creating benchmarks for ongoing prognosis.

Question 11

B. Grawe noted that psychotherapy has its effects through changes in gene expressions at neuronal level.

Question 12

B. Herbart suggested that dissonant ideas repel each other while associated ideas help draw each other into consciousness.

Question 13

C. The momentum toward fashioning psychologies that are positive has accelerated through the work of Martin Seligman.

Question 14

D. The scientific study of the unconscious is thought to have started with renowned polymath Leibniz.

Question 15

C. Mesmer and his disciples are regarded as the pioneers of hypnotherapy.

Question 16

C. Learning the International Classification of Diseases system is urgent because of reimbursement issues.

Question 17

A. Medicating patients for psychological purposes requires preset clinical objectives and ongoing assessment of progress.

Question 18

B. Schopenhauer's book was largely focused on the realm of the unconscious.

Question 19

A. Often unknown to the therapists, it is their unscripted ''throw-ins'' that change everything.

Question 20

C. Those are random unforeseen events - both internal and external to the person.

Question 21

B. The brain is the seat of knowledge/learning and is also considered as the source of depression and madness.

Question 22

C. Integration is necessary because to ignore organic or environmental variables in the treatment of a client is to neglect essential aspects of the whole person.

Question 23

B. According to Carus, both parties in an interaction communicate with each other in an paravocal, organic and affective modes of which both participants are not aware.

Question 24

A. Leibniz also coined the term ''dynamic''.

Question 25

B. According to Mahoney, the person of the therapist is at least eight times more influential than his/her theoretical approach and techniques.

Question 26

D. Schopenhauer was mainly focused on the realm of the unconscious.

What is psychoanalysis and in what context should it be seen? - ExamTests 2

Questions

Question 1

The cornerstone concept of psychoanalysis, ________, reflects the deep patterning of old experiences in relationships as they emerge in current life.

1. Free association.

2. Dream analysis.

3. Resistance.

4. Transference.

Question 2

Free Association is utilized in psychoanalysis because:

1. manualized approaches to therapy routinely invoke it.

2. ethical guidelines require the use of this technique.

3. it fosters the development of postconventional (worldcentric) moral maturity.

4. powerful aspects of the patient's inner life have been operating without his full awareness.

Question 3

Unlike the medical model, which sees symptoms as a sign of a disorder, in psychodynamic theory, a symptom is:

1. An abstract entity.

2. A biological response.

3. An emotion.

4. A clue.

Question 4

The primary tool of gestalt therapy is:

1. Direct experience.

2. Positive reinforcement.

3. Homework.

4. Compromise.

Question 5

Knowing and owning what one senses, feels emotionally, observes, needs or wants, and believes is referred to as:

1. Being "in-touch".

2. Organismic self-regulation.

3. Self-awareness.

4. Self-actualization.

Question 6

The process of experiencing what is to be taken in, deconstructing it, keeping what is useful, and discarding what is not is called:

1. Retroflection.

2. Projection.

3. Creative adjustment.

4. Assimilation.

Question 7

The major difference between contemporary gestalt therapy and REBT or cognitive behavior therapy is that in gestalt therapy:

1. The therapist retains a sense of therapeutic neutrality.

2. The therapist does not pretend to know the truth about what is irrational.

3. The therapist tends to focus on how the past determines the present.

4. The therapist is a "blank screen".

Answer indication

Question 1

D. Fundamental concept that played an important role in Freud's evolution of thought.

Question 2

D. Free association also helps in suspending self-criticism.

Question 3

D. Some impulses, wishes and memories are split off from awareness. That is why we can use them as clues.

Question 4

A. Technique used for that is the free association.

Question 5

B. When a person knows what he feels, he can also find a way to regulate it.

Question 6

D. Assimilation.

Question 7

B. In Gestalt therapy, free association is used, without any judgment.

The cornerstone concept of psychoanalysis, ________, reflects the deep patterning of old experiences in relationships as they emerge in current life.

1. Free association.

2. Dream analysis.

3. Resistance.

4. Transference.

What does the client-oriented treatment look like? - ExamTests 4

Questions

Question 1

Emotionally charged associations of ideas and feelings that act as magnets to draw a net of imagery, memories, and ideas into their orbit are called:

1. Archetypes.

2. The transcendent function.

3. Attitudes.

4. Complexes.

Question 2

The ongoing process in which individuals freely rely on the evidence of their own senses for making value judgments is known as:

1. "Becoming".

2. Self-actualization.

3. The organismic valuing process.

4. Unconditional positive regard.

Question 3

Which of the following is not one of the necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change?

1. Therapeutic neutrality.

2. Unconditional positive regard.

3. Congruence.

4. Empathic understanding of the client's internal frame of reference.

Question 4

________ represents the therapist's ongoing process of assimilating, integrating and symbolizing the flow of experiences in awareness.

1. Unconditional positive regard.

2. Positive reinforcement.

3. Empathic understanding.

4. Congruence.

Question 5

Roger's early work was clearly influenced by the contributions of:

1. Carl Jung.

2. Harry Stack Sullivan.

3. Otto Rank.

4. Sigmund Freud.

Question 6

Psychological adjustment or maladjustment is defined by:

1. Congruence, or its absence.

2. Meaning, or lack thereof.

3. The absence of symptoms.

4. Contentment or discontent.

Question 7

The motivation of all living organisms to maintain and enhance themselves is called the:

1. Actualizing tendency.

2. Drive for authenticity.

3. Organismic valuing process.

4. Life force.

Question 8

The end-point of personality development is seen as:

1. Elimination of neurosis.

2. A theoretical ideal, not really possible for most people.

3. Basic congruence between the phenomenal field of experience and the conceptual structure of the self.

4. Emergence of the "self".

Question 9

Rogers considered classification and diagnosis to be:

1. An unfortunate necessity in today's market.

2. Helpful, in some cases.

3. A colossal waste of time, for the most part.

4. Absolutely necessary if therapy is to be effective.

Question 10

Beliefs may be considered to be irrational when they:

1. Have a psychotic premise.

2. Have their origins in the unconscious.

3. Cause the person to question their own worth.

4. Insist that something in the universe should, ought, or must be different from the way it is.

Question 11

The most elegant solution to the problems resulting from irrational demandingness is to:

1. Use distraction.

2. Help individuals to become less demanding.

3. Systematically explore the historical reasons for their occurrence.

4. Temporarily satisfy the client's "needs".

Question 12

The best way to interrupt disturbed thought processes is usually to:

1. Focus on relaxation and deep-breathing.

2. Go deep into the unconscious to uncover the cause.

3. Learn to suppress the problem.

4. Focus on the anxiety-creating belief system.

Answer indication

Question 1

D. Complexes.

Question 2

C. Rogers posits that every organism possesses an inherent an organismic valuing process.

Question 3

A. Neutrality is even a drawback in terms of fostering change.

Question 4

D. Congruence is the antithesis of rigidity.

Question 5

C. Several links to Rank are apparent in Roger's early work.

Question 6

A. Only to the extent that the emerging self can assimilate his experiences, can wholeness be achieved.

Question 7

A. Organisms are always seeking, always initiating - ''up to something''.

Question 8

C. Integration between self-concept and experience is crucial for normal development.

Question 9

C. The animating vision of the client-centered therapy is that the human being is a whole and complete person.

Question 10

D. Insist that something in the universe should, ought, or must be different from the way it is.

Question 11

B. By being less demanding, you become more realistic.

Question 12

A. The other methods usually have counterintuitive effects.

Emotionally charged associations of ideas and feelings that act as magnets to draw a net of imagery, memories, and ideas into their orbit are called:

1. Archetypes.

2. The transcendent function.

3. Attitudes.

4. Complexes.

When and how is behavioral therapy used? - ExamTests 6

Questions

Question 1

The typical behavior therapist is likely to utilize all of the following in their clinical practice except:

1. Imagery based techniques.

2. Self-control procedures.

3. Projective techniques.

4. Assertiveness and social skills training.

Question 2

Exposure and response prevention treatment has significantly improved the clinical treatment of which disorder?

1. Major Depression.

2. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.

3. Schizophrenia.

4. Agoraphobia.

Question 3

A distinctive and seminal therapeutic strategy in Dialectical Behavior Therapy is:

1. The prominence afforded intervening variables and hypothetical constructs.

2. The assumption that behavior is a function of its consequences.

3. The basic assumption is that it is not so much experience itself, but rather the person's interpretation of that experience, that produces psychological disturbance.

4. Mindfulness training.

Question 4

Negative reinforcement refers to:

1. The cessation or removal of a response.

2. The occurrence of behavior in situations other than that in which it was acquired.

3. An increase in behavior as a result of avoiding or escaping from an aversive event that one would have expected to occur.

4. An increase in the frequency of a response followed by a favorable event.

Question 5

Each individual has a set of idiosyncratic vulnerabilities and sensitivities that predispose him or her to psychological distress. These vulnerabilities appear to be related to:

1. Personality structure.

2. Arbitrary inference.

3. Hopelessness.

4. Ccognitive distortions.

Question 6

Directive and structural techniques are most likely to be effective with individuals who have:

1. High levels of resistance.

2. Internalizing coping styles.

3. Aggressive coping styles.

4. Low levels of resistance.

Answer indication

Question 1

C. Projective techniques are typical for psychoanalysis.

Question 2

B. Self-explanatory concept.

Question 3

D. Mindfulness is also a big part of Acceptance and Commitment therapy (ACT).

Question 4

C. An increase in behavior as a result of avoiding or escaping from an aversive event that one would have expected to occur.

Question 5

A. Personality traits (the Big 5) can make some people more predisposed to disorders.

Question 6

D. Low levels of resistance.

The typical behavior therapist is likely to utilize all of the following in their clinical practice except:

1. Imagery based techniques.

2. Self-control procedures.

3. Projective techniques.

4. Assertiveness and social skills training.

How is cognitive therapy structured? - ExamTests 7

Questions

Question 1

________ refers to one's belief about being able to perform certain tasks or achieve certain goals.

1. Self-efficacy.

2. Self-confidence.

3. Mindfulness.

4. Narcissism.

Question 2

According to Albert Ellis' Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, (REBT), emotional consequences are largely created by:

1. Activating events.

2. Neurological dysfunction.

3. Interpersonal misfortune.

4. The individual's belief system.

Question 3

Thoughts that intercede between an event or stimulus and the individual's emotional and behavioral reactions, and which are generated from underlying assumptions are called:

1. Cognitive distortions.

2. Core beliefs.

3. Automatic thoughts.

4. Voluntary thoughts.

Question 4

________ has (have) been confirmed as a predictor of eventual suicide.

1. Hopelessness.

2. Overgeneralization.

3. Maladaptive assumptions.

4. Automatic thoughts.

Question 5

Drawing a specific conclusion without supporting evidence or even in the face of contradictory evidence is a(n):

1. Minimization.

2. Selective abstraction.

3. Overgeneralization.

4. Arbitrary inference.

Question 6

Some modes, such as the anxiety mode, are primal, meaning they are:

1. Universal and tied to survival.

2. Under conscious control.

3. Always triggered by misperceptions or overreactions.

4. Displayed only in social situations.

Question 7

Which of the following is not one of the three major approaches to treating dysfunctional modes?

1. Deactivating them.

2. Constructing more adaptive modes to neutralize them.

3. Modifying their content and structure.

4. Learning to repress them more effectively.

Question 8

The concept of ________ refers to a view of the patient as a practical scientist who lives by interpreting stimuli but who has been temporarily thwarted by his or her own information-gathering and integrating apparatus.

1. Guided discovery.

2. Vollaborative empiricism.

3. Sociotropy.

4. Socratic dialogue.

Question 9

In cognitive therapy, the patient's maladaptive conclusions are treated as:

1. Testable hypotheses.

2. Compensatory messages from the unconscious.

3. Irrational.

4. Basic mistakes.

Question 10

________ techniques test automatic thoughts and assumptions by considering alternative causes of events.

1. Decentering.

2. Decatastrophizing.

3. Reattribution.

4. Redefining.

Question 11

From the existential perspective, psychopathology, to a very great extent, is the result of:

1. Incongruence between the real self and ideal self.

2. Cognitive distortions.

3. Failed death transcendence.

4. Societal limitations.

Answer indication

Question 1

A. One of the goals of cognitive therapy could be to increase self-efficacy.

Question 2

D. The individual's belief system.

Question 3

C. Automatic thoughts require a lot of effort to be eliminated.

Question 4

A. Hopelessness.

Question 5

D. Arbitrary inference.

Question 6

A. Primal modes are based on the evolutionary view.

Question 7

D. Repressing is the most ineffective way to treat modes.

Question 8

B. Vollaborative empiricism.

Question 9

A. Testable hypotheses.

Question 10

C. Reattribution.

Question 11

A. When there is incompatibility between real and ideal self, destructive thoughts might emerge.

________ refers to one's belief about being able to perform certain tasks or achieve certain goals.

1. Self-efficacy.

2. Self-confidence.

3. Mindfulness.

4. Narcissism.

What forms of family therapy are there and when are they used? - ExamTests 11

Questions

Question 1

The term ________ is used to describe a false sense of family closeness in which the family gives the appearance of taking part in a mutual, open, and understanding relationship without really doing so.

1. Pseudohostility.

2. Redundancy principle.

3. Mystification.

4. Pseudomutuality.

Question 2

From the family therapy perspective, any cause may be seen as an effect of a previous cause and, in turn, the cause of a later event. This is the essence of:

1. Linear causality.

2. Pseudohostility.

3. Circular causality.

4. Homeostatis.

Question 3

The process in which a particular individual is held responsible for whatever goes wrong with the family, thus enabling family members to avoid dealing with what is really taking place, is known as ________.

1. Mystification.

2. Scapegoating.

3. Blaming.

4. Family sculpting.

Question 4

Apparent quarreling or bickering between family members which is, in reality, merely a superficial tactic for avoiding deeper and more genuine feelings, is the definition of:

1. Pseudomutuality.

2. Scapegoating.

3. Externalization.

4. Pseudohostility.

Question 5

________ family therapy focuses on how families are organized, family rules, roles, alignments and coalitions, boundaries and subsystems.

1. Social Constructionist.

2. Structural.

3. Object Relations.

4. Strategic.

Answer indication

Question 1

B. Redundancy principle.

Question 2

C. Circular causality.

Question 3

B. Scapegoating.

Question 4

D. Pseudohostility.

Question 5

B. Structural.

The term ________ is used to describe a false sense of family closeness in which the family gives the appearance of taking part in a mutual, open, and understanding relationship without really doing so.

1. Pseudohostility.

2. Redundancy principle.

3. Mystification.

4. Pseudomutuality.