What is the historical overview of psychopathology? - ExamTests 1

Questions

Question 1

If you close your eyes and imagine biting into a big sweet orange, the saliva might already be in your mouth. This saliva development is an example of a:

1. Unconditioned response.
2. Conditioned response.
3. Conditioned stimulus.

Question 2

What aspect of the definition of psychopathology ('psychological abnormality') relates to the inability to take care of oneself and work productively in daily life?

1. Distress.
2. Deviancy.
3. Dysfunction.

Answer indication

1. B. Conditioned response.

2. C. Dysfunction.

What are the current paradigms in psychopathology? - ExamTests 2

Questions

Question 1

The transfer of electrical impulses from neuron to neuron connects small spaces. These spaces are referred to as:

1. Dendrites.
2. Axons.
3. Synapses.

Question 2

The multicultural perspective in psychopathology is especially emphasized nowadays by:

1. The specific values and norms that exist in a given cultural context.
2. The limitations of a cultural-relavistic vision.
3. The ethnocultural disadvantage of certain minority groups.

Answer indication

1. C. Synapses.

2. A. The specific values and norms that exist in a given cultural context.

What do diagnosis and assessment include?- ExamTests 3

Questions

Question 1

In addition to physiological symptoms of anxiety (as in the case of N.K.), GAS is also characterized by something else. Namely:

1. Lots of worries.
2. Less affective.
3. Little appetite.

Question 2

Which of the following alternatives indicates the lack of validity of clinical interviews?

1. The respondent would react differently with another interviewer.
2. Interviewers would be strongly guided by their first impression of the interviewed.
3. The respondent would turn out differently on another day.

Question 3

Personality questionnaires compared to projective tests are in general:

1. High reliability and greater validity.
2. High reliability but less validity.
3. Less reliability but greater validity.

Question 4

The psychologist and the psychiatrist of the outpatient clinic Fear Disorders agree that Nel suffers from a post-traumatic stress disorder. Their agreement makes it plausible that this categorization is:

1. Sufficiently generalizable.
2. Sufficiently reliable.
3. Sufficiently valid.

Question 5

Clinical interviews are widely used in the emergency services. A strong point of this assessment method is:

1. The reliability.
2. The image that emerges about who the person is.
3. The predictive validity.

Question 6

As part of a diagnostic examination, a patient is shown a number of black-and-white prints. With each picture he is asked to present a story, in which the persons on the prints are the main characters. Which test is presented to him?

1. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).
2. The Rorschach Test.
3. The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).

Question 7

Which of the following disorders is considered a psychophysiological or psychosomatic disorder?

1. Migraine.
2. Hypochondria.
3. Conversion disorder.

Answer indication

1. A. Lots of worries.

2. B. Interviewers would be strongly guided by their first impression of the interviewed.

3. A. High reliability and greater validity.

4. B. Sufficiently reliable.

5. B. The image that emerges about who the person is.

6. C. The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).

7. A. Migraine.

What are the research methods in psychopathology? - ExamTests 4

Questions

Question 1

Seligman's research into depression, in which learned helplessness in the psychological laboratory is developed in animals, is an example of a:

1. Epidemiological experiment.
2. Quasi-experiment.
3. Analog experiment.

Question 2

The number of new cases of a disorder within a given unit of time in a given population is indicated by the term:

1. Incidence.
2. Prevalence.
3. Neither of both.

Answer indication

1. C. Analog experiment.

2. A. Incidence.

What are mood disorders? - ExamTests 5

Questions

Question 1

Mrs. D.G. suffers from major depressive disorder. Someone with bipolar disorder can also have depressive episodes, but what also needs to be present is/are:

1. Concentration and sleeping problems.
2. A period of reduced self-esteem.
3. A period of heightened mood or agitation.

Question 2

Psychotherapists who conduct interpersonal psychotherapy assume that the therapy should focus on:

1. Interpersonal reinforcement.
2. Role transitions.
3. Interpersonal conflicts.

Question 3

The efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants is understood from blocking:

1. The production of norepinephrine and serotonin.
2. The breakdown of norepinephrine and serotonin.
3. The reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.

Question 4

A suicide attempt is often preceded by a change of mood. Usually this concerns an increase:

1. Feelings of guilt and shame.
2. Sadness.
3. Anger.

Question 5

What is meant by parasuicide?

1. A failed suicide attempt.
2. A successful first suicide attempt.
3. Suicide after someone else's murder.

Question 6

A significant percentage of people who commit suicide suffer from a mental disorder. The disorder that occurs most often (in about half of the cases):

1. Chronic alcoholism.
2. Severe Depression.
3. Acute psychosis.

Question 7

Which of the following alternatives is correct? Daan is a drug user. Besides, he has an antisocial personality. At the GelNek (an alcohol and drug clinic) he is asked why he thinks he uses drugs. Daan probably gives the following answer:

1. It's just nice.
2. I feel more inhibited with drugs.
3. I use drugs to make social contacts easier.

Answer indication

1. C. A period of heightened mood or agitation.

2. B. Role transitions.

3. C. The reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.

4. B. Sadness.

5. A. A failed suicide attempt.

6. B. Severe Depression.

7. A. It's just nice.

What are anxiety disorders? - ExamTests 6

Questions

Question 1

Charles is 28. His sister Sylvia is three years younger. Charles is generally a relaxed, quiet boy, while Sylvia is often irritable and tense. Charles and Sylvia differ in:

1. Trait anxiety.
2. State anxiety.
3. Generalized anxiety.

Question 2

Tina was bitten by a pig at school camp. It hurt and she was very scared. A month later she went on holiday to Spain, to the campsite with her family. There is another family present, who owns a large Caucasian Shepherd Dog. Tina is so scared of the dog that she can't sleep. Her mother tells the owner of the dog that her daughter was never afraid of dogs. Tina's fear of the Caucasian Shepherd Dog is an example of:

1. Response-generalization.
2. Modeling.
3. Stimulus generalization.

Answer indication

1. A. Trait anxiety.

2. C. Stimulus generalization.

What are obsessive-compulsive-related and trauma-related disorders? - ExamTests 7

Questions

Question 1

Imagine someone has to wash her/his hands very often because she/he is afraid of contamination. What is this kind of behavior called?

1. Irrational behavior.
2. Compulsive behavior.
3. Obsessive behavior.

Question 2

Three months ago, Catelijne was in Apeldoorn watching how the bus with the Royal Family drove by, when a black car drove into the crowd at high speed. She was able to jump aside just in time, but her friend standing next to her was badly injured. She is often very anxious and can't sleep well. Catelijne probably has:

1. A generalized anxiety disorder.
2. An acute stress disorder.
3. A post-traumatic stress disorder.

Question 3

OCD often involves compulsive actions (e.g. washing hands or always checking the gas). How can we explain these actions from a cognitive perspective?

1. By means of this behavior, one wants to suppress frightening thoughts.
2. By means of this behavior, one wants to prevent frightening thoughts from becoming reality.
3. Through this behavior one wants to avoid frightening thoughts.

Question 4

Jan was waiting for the train on a normal Thursday afternoon when he saw an accidental passenger being hit by a train. After this he was terribly frightened for two weeks and felt tired and sad. Probably he suffered of:

1. A Post-traumatic stress disorder.
2. An acute stress disorder.
3. A dissociative stress disorder.

Answer indication

1. B. Compulsive behavior.

2. C. A post-traumatic stress disorder.

3. B. By means of this behavior, one wants to prevent frightening thoughts from becoming reality.

4. B. An acute stress disorder.

What are dissociative disorders and somatic symptom-related disorders? - ExamTests 8

Questions

Question 1

A clinical psychologist concludes after a scientific literature review that the symptoms listed under a certain diagnostic category can arise as an unintended effect of previous treatment with a psychiatrist or psychologist. The diagnostic category to which this statement most likely to apply is:

1. Dissociative hypnosis.
2. Dissociative amnesia.
3. Dissociative identity disorder.

Answer indication

1. C. Dissociative identity disorder.

What is schizophrenia? - ExamTests 9

Questions

Question 1

Modern research makes it plausible that schizophrenia can be partly caused by:

1. Bacterial infections in puberty.
2. Resistance to antibiotics.
3. Viral infection in the uterus.

Question 2

Which of the following statements is not characteristic of schizophrenia?

1. Women develop the disorder at a younger age and more severely than men.
2. The suicide risk in schizophrenia is high (about 15%).
3. The incidence in lower social classes is higher than in higher.

Question 3

In recent research, the role of dopamine in schizophrenia appears to be more complicated because:

1. The modern and more effective atypical antipsychotic medication affects not only dopamine receptors but also serotonin receptors.
2. Excessive dopamine activity only occurs in certain types of schizophrenia.
3. The modern and more effective atypical antipsychotic medication reacts exclusively on dopamine receptors.

Question 4

Since the 1950s/'60s, interest in the psychological explanations of schizophrenia compared to genetic and biological explanations is:

1. Initially decreased and then increased again.
2. Gradually reduced.
3. First increased, then decreased.

Question 5

Stein is schizophrenic and he's confused and ambivalent about everything. He doesn't know what he wants, has no purpose in his life and he doesn't seem to have the energy or interest to think about what pants he wants to put on that day or what he wants to eat in the evening, for example. This is most likely the case:

1. Loss of volition.
2. Loss of sense of self.
3. Anhedonie.

Question 6

Lucas is often very jealous. He is extremely self-critical and very sensitive to the actions of others. Which personality disorder is least likely to be diagnosed?

1. A narcissistic personality disorder.
2. A schizoid personality disorder.
3. A theatrical (histrionic) personality disorder.

Question 7

Janoes had an intake for a psychiatric day treatment in a center for personality disorders. According to the psychiatrist he has a paranoid personality disorder. Janoes' father also received psychiatric treatment. What psychiatric disorder is the father likely to have had?

1. A bipolar disorder.
2. Abuse of a substance.
3. Schizophrenia.

Answer indication

1. C. Viral infection in the uterus.

2. A. Women develop the disorder at a younger age and more severely than men.

3. A. The modern and more effective atypical antipsychotic medication affects not only dopamine receptors but also serotonin receptors.

4. A. Initially decreased and then increased again.

5. A. Loss of volition.

6. B. A schizoid personality disorder.

7. C. Schizophrenia.

What are substance use disorders? - ExamTests 10

Questions

Question 1

Jantien often uses ecstasy and she notices that she has to use more and more to get the same desired effect of euphoria. Apparently, she is developing:

1. A tolerance for ecstasy.
2. An ecstasy poisoning (intoxication).
3. Ecstasy abuse.

Question 2

A recently developed psychopharmaceutical causes a certain degree of loss of control over the muscles, slowing down speech and slowing down the activity of the central nervous system. This is probably a:

1. Depressant.
2. Stimulant.
3. Hallucinogenic.

Question 3

Tobias injected himself with cocaine. He's dancing and jumping, as good as he feels. Usually the euphoria reaches a peak:

1. Five minutes before the dopamine-related neuronal activity is at its peak.
2. Five minutes after the dopamine-related neuronal activity is at its peak.
3. Simultaneous with dopamine-related neuronal activity.

Question 4

Tamiris is in New York buying pills to lose weight. What substance will the pills she buys most likely contain?

1. Barbiturates.
2. Cannabis.
3. Amphetamines.

Question 5

You're dancing with Erik. Erik has already drunk too much and asks what he has to do to get sober as soon as possible (he has an exam tomorrow and wants to be sober). Which answer is the most correct?

1. Erik shouldn't drink a drop of alcohol anymore. He can't do much else, it just takes a while before you are sober again.
2. Erik shouldn't drink a drop of alcohol anymore. What he should do is drink a lot of black coffee. Then you'll be sober faster.
3. Erik shouldn't drink a drop of alcohol. If he also drinks half a liter of water every other hour, he will be sober faster.

Question 6

Nick is being treated for an alcohol addiction. He's had trembling hands for two weeks now. His eyelid also shakes a lot. He himself says this is because he feels a lot of little creatures crawling over his body. It's probably here:

1. Delirium tremens.
2. Korsakoff syndrome.
3. Fetal alcohol syndrome.

Question 7

Jimmy's been addicted to alcohol for over ten years. He's been admitted to the addiction clinic where you're the intern. He tells that his father is from Switzerland, and that he used to spend such great summers with his grandmother in the Swiss countryside. Later, a conversation with one of his children reveals that Jimmy has never been to Switzerland at all. Besides that, Jimmy doesn't recognize you the next day. He probably suffers from:

1. Fetal alcohol syndrome.
2. Korsakoff syndrome.
3. Withdrawal symptoms.

Answer indication

1. A. A tolerance for ecstasy.

2. A. Depressant.

3. C. Simultaneous with dopamine-related neuronal activity.

4. C. Amphetamines.

5. A. Erik shouldn't drink a drop of alcohol anymore. He can't do much else, it just takes a while before you are sober again.

6. A. Delirium tremens.

7. B. Korsakoff syndrome.

What are eating disorders? - ExamTests 11

Questions

Question 1

Bulimia nervosa is always characterized by:

1. Uncontrollable eating attacks.
2. Overweight.
3. Forced vomiting and/or abuse of laxatives.

Question 2

Which emotion plays a central role in anorexia nervosa?

1. Hate.
2. Rage.
3. Fear.

Question 3

An eating disorder (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa) often manifests itself for the first time:

1. After a period of failed attempts to lose weight.
2. After a period of great inner tensions (self-accusation, shame, guilt).
3. After the person has successfully lined up for a while, which gave him/her many compliments from friends/family.

Question 4

Which of the three psychological problems below are least likely to occur together with anorexia nervosa?

1. Substance abuse.
2. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
3. Schizophrenia.

Question 5

Most people with binge eating:

1. Eat too many protein-rich foods such as meat and nuts.
2. Are excessively calm just before and during binge eating.
3. Feeling intensely tense prior to binge eating.

Question 6

For the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa there must be at least a weight loss of:

1. 10% of normal weight.
2. 15% of normal weight.
3. 30% of normal weight.

Question 7

Most people with bulimia nervosa:

1. Are older than people with anorexia nervosa.
2. Have a more common weight than people with anorexia nervosa.
3. Have more obsessive thoughts about food and nutrition than people with anorexia nervosa.

Answer indication

1. A. Uncontrollable eating attacks.

2. C. Fear.

3. C. After the person has successfully lined up for a while, which gave him/her many compliments from friends/family.

4. C. Schizophrenia.

5. C. Feeling intensely tense prior to binge eating.

6. B. 15% of normal weight.

7. B. Have a more common weight than people with anorexia nervosa.

What are sexual disorders? - ExamTests 12

Questions

Question 1

Scientific research shows that there is a link between orgasm disorders and:

1. Sexual activities early in puberty.
2. A few childhood memories of tenderness between parents.
3. A sexually restrictive past.

Question 2

Little sexual desire can be caused by a low level of the hormone:

1. Prolactin.
2. Testosterone.
3. Progesterone.

Question 3

Recent studies of erectile dysfunction disorders have shown that in most cases erectile dysfunction was caused by:

1. Psychosocial factors.
2. Physical factors.
3. An interaction of psychosocial and physical factors.

Question 4

What phenomena have behavioral therapists focused on in the treatment of sexual dysfunctions since the 1950s/'60s?

1. Anxiety and tension.
2. Lack of excitement.
3. Incompatible responses.

Answer indication

1. B. A few childhood memories of tenderness between parents.

2. B. Testosterone.

3. C. An interaction of psychosocial and physical factors.

4. A. Anxiety and tension.

What are disorders of childhood? - ExamTests 13

Questions

Question 1

What are the most common mood and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents?

1. Depression and social anxiety.
2. Depression and specific phobia.
3. Social anxiety and bipolar disorder.

Question 2

Etiological factors for mood and anxiety disorders are the same in children as in adulthood.

1. True.
2. False.

Question 3

What is a key deficit in dyslexia?

1. Phonological awareness.
2. Difficulties in learning academic skills.
3. Communication.

Question 4

Externalizing disorders are characterized by:

1. Behaviors like aggressiveness, overactivity and impulsiveness.
2. Depression and (social) anxiety.

Question 5

Which brain areas are dysfunctional in children with conduct disorder?

1. Amygdala and the limbic system.
2. Prefrontal cortex and the limbic system.
3. Amygdala and prefrontal cortex.

Answer indication

1. B. Depression and specific phobia.

2. A. True.

3. A. Phonological awareness.

4. A. Behaviors like aggressiveness, overactivity and impulsiveness.

5. C. Amygdala and prefrontal cortex.

What are late life and neurocognitive disorders? - ExamTests 14

Questions

Question 1

Which neurotransmitters are most involved in Alzheimer's disease?

1. Glutamate and dopamine.
2. Dopamine and serotonin.
3. Acetylcholine and glutamate.

Question 2

Who are most likely to be affected by a delirium?

1. Children and elderly.
2. Adults.
3. Elderly.

Question 3

Which factors play a negative role in the etiology of dementia?

1. Lifestyle factors.
2. Cognitive engagement.
3. Genes.

Answer indication

1. C.

2. A.

3. C.

What are personality disorders? - ExamTests 15

Questions

Question 1

Albert is referred by his GP for psychotherapy. The GP explains that the therapy is likely to last a number of years, because in addition to anxiety and depression complaints, there also seemed to be personality problems. Albert had already been in therapy for the anxiety complaints a few years ago. According to the general practitioner, the goal of the treatment should now be personality change and he explains that personality change does not happen so quickly and that the therapy should therefore be intensive. It is most likely that Albert will be referred by the GP to a psychotherapist who works from it:

1. Psychodynamic model.
2. Cognitive model.
3. Behavioral model.

Question 2

Joyce is in day care because of an eating disorder and a personality disorder. She has an unstable self-esteem, suffers from strong mood swings, and she starts and stops friendships, relationships and studies impulsively. She can feel terribly empty and lonely and tells in group therapy that when she feels this way, she starts to eat. What personality disorder is probably involved here?

1. Schizotypic personality disorder.
2. Dependent personality disorder.
3. Borderline personality disorder.

Question 3

What aspects do personality disorders have in common?

1. A specific pattern of thinking disorders, perception disorders and attention disorders.
2. A durable and rigid pattern of inner and behavioral functioning.
3. An inability to enter into long-term and meaningful relationships.

Question 4

Dialectal behavioral therapy (DBT) is a form of psychotherapy in which cognitive, behavioral therapeutic and psychodynamic techniques are integrated. In recent years, research has mainly found empirical support for the effectiveness of DBT in the treatment of:

1. The borderline personality disorder.
2. The dissociative identity disorder.
3. Cluster A personality disorders.

Answer indication

1. A. Psychodynamic model.

2. C. Borderline personality disorder.

3. B. A durable and rigid pattern of inner and behavioral functioning.

4. A. The borderline personality disorder.

What are legal and ethical issues in psychopathology? - ExamTests 16

Questions

Question 1

What is the role of the Insanity Defense Reform Act (1984)?

1. It provides more protection for people with a psychological disorder.
2. It made it harder to accused people to argue insanity as a defense.
3. It can send a person to a mental hospital before trial.

Answer indication

1. B. It made it harder to accused people to argue insanity as a defense.