WSRt, critical thinking - a summary of all articles needed in the third block of second year psychology at the uva
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Validity: if test-results can be interpreted in terms of the construct the test tries to measure.
The nomological network: the system of hypothetical relations around the construct.
This can be a part of the theory.
Forms of validity:
Impression-validity: an subjective judgment of the usability of an measurement-instrument on the base of the direct observable properties of the test-material.
Content-validity: the judgment about the representativeness of the observations, appointments, and questions for a certain purpose.
Criterium-validity: the (cor)relation between test-score and a psychological or social criterium.
Process-validity: the manner on which the response is established.
Construct-validity: A part of the similarities between the strictly formulated, hypothetical relations between the measured construct, and other constructs and otherwise empirical proved relations between instruments which should measure those constructs.
Internal consistence-reliability: mutual cohesion of items that form a scale or sub-tests.
Repeated reliability: repeated measures with the same instrument
Local reliability: an impression of the reliability of the measurement within a certain wide of scores.
The homogeneity or consistency-reliability: the cohesion between the different (items) of a scale. With psychological measurement, it is assumed the the items are repeated, independent measures of a trait.
The reliability of the prediction: the repeatability of the prediction on a certain point of time.
Stability of the prediction: the repeatability of the prediction in the course of time.
Base rate: the proportion of people in the population that possesses a particular trait, behaviour, characteristic, or attribute.c
Criterium-group: a, for the users-goal of the test, representative group of which all the members have the same criterium-behaviour and of which all the criterium-scores are known.
Hits
Hit: a correct classification
Hit rate: the proportion of people that an assessment tool accurately identifies as possessing or exhibiting a particular trait, ability, behaviour, or attribute
Misses
Miss: an incorrect classification
Miss rate: the proportion of people that an assessment tool inaccurately identifies as possessing or exhibiting a particular trait, ability, behaviour, or attributeReturn to investment: the ratio of benefits to costs.
Prediction-error or classification-error: the percentage wrongfully submitted cases by the test.
False positive: a specific type of miss whereby an assessment tool falsely indicates that the test-taker possesses or exhibits a particular trait, ability, behaviour, or attribute
False negative: a specific type of miss whereby an assessment tool falsely indicates that the test-taker does not possess or exhibit a particular trait, ability, behaviour, or attribute
Sensitivity and specificity
Sensitivity or predictive accuracy: the percentage rightfully submitted cases that actually has the trait (hits).
Specificity: the percentage of cases that is rightfully not submitted and that also doesn’t have the trait.
Predictive values
Positive predictive value (PPV): the percentage that is rightfully detected with the trait by the test of the total persons that the test said has the trait.
Negative predictive value (NPV): the percentage which the test rightfully said didn’t have the trait of the total of people the test said didn’t have the trait.
Measurement-model: about what the constructor wants to measure
Structure-model: about what the constructor wants to predict
Prediction: first the test-score is established, then the criterium-score
Postdiction: first is the criterium-score established, then the test-score
The reflective interpretation: the measured attribute is conceptualized as the common cause of the observables
Formative interpretation: the measured attribute is seen as the common effect of the observables.
Utility of an instrument: the use of an instrument as becomes apparent from a costs-bate analysis.
Utility analysis: a family of techniques that entail a family of techniques that entail a cost-benefit analysis designed to yield information relevant to a decision about the usefulness and/or practical value of a tool of assessment.
Utility gain: an estimate of the benefit of using a particular test or selection method.
Norm-group: the group of people that forms the norm
Taylor-Russell tables: increase the base rate of successful performance that is associated with a particular level of criterion-related validity.
Naylor-Shine tables: tells us the likely average increase in criterion performance as a result of using a particular test or intervention: also provides selection ratio needed to achieve a particular increase in criterion performance.
The expectancy table or chart: tells us the likelihood that individuals who score within a given range on the predictor will perform successfully on the criterion.
A domain: a wide area of more or less coherent properties.
Difficulty: the attribute of not being easily accomplished, solved, or comprehended.
Discrimination: the degree to which an item differentiates among people with higher levels or lower levels of the trait, ability, or whatever it is being measures.
Local dependence: items are all dependent on some factor that is different from what the test as a whole is measuring. Items are locally dependent if they are more related to each other than to the other items on the test.
Dichotomous or polytomous
Dichotomous test items: test items or questions that can be answered with only one or two alternative responses.
Polytomous test items: test items or questions with three or more alternative responses, where only one is scored as being consistent with a targated trait or other construct.
Inter and intra individual differences
Inter-individual differences: differences between people
Intra-individual differences: differences within people
Cross-validation: control of instability of outcomes
Method-variance: systematic variance as a result of the measurement-procedure with which the trait is measured.
Rasch model: an IRT model with very specific assumptions about the underlying distribution.
Information in IRT: the precision of measurement.
Item characteristic curve (ICC), an item response curve, a category response curve, or an item trace line: the expression in graphic form of the probabilistic relationship between a test-taker’s response to a test item and that test-taker’s level on the latent construct being measured.
The unidimensionality assumption: the set of items measures a single continuous latent construct. This construct is referred to by the Greek letter theta (θ).
The assumption of local independence: a) there is a systematic relationship between all of the test items and b) that relationship has to do with the theta level of the test-taker. When the assumption is met, it means that differences in responses to items are reflective of differences in the underlying trait or ability.
The assumption of monotonicity: the probability of endorsing or selecting an item response indicative of higher levels of theta should increase as the underlying level of theta increases.
This magazine contains all the summaries you need for the course WSRt at the second year of psychology at the Uva.
This is a summary of the articles and reading materials that are needed for the third block in the course WSR-t. This course is given to second year psychology students at the Uva. The course is about thinking critically about scientific research and how such research is
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