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De internationale rechtsorde kende eerst alleen procedures voor de beslechting van geschillen tussen staten. Staten waren immers de enige dragers van rechten en plichten in de internationale rechtsorde. In het moderne internationaal publiekrecht heeft geschillenbeslechting ook betrekking op conflicten tussen internationale organisaties, individuen en nationale rechtspersonen. Een staat kan eenzijdige maatregelen nemen om een andere staat zover te krijgen dat hij zijn verplichtingen nakomt. Binnen de internationale rechtsorde zijn eenzijdige maatregelen een van de belangrijkste methodes om een staat zijn verplichtingen na te laten komen. Er is vaak geen rechter ter beschikking die een schending van een staat kan beëindigen.Bij een schending van een rechtsplicht door een andere staat kan een staat reageren door retorsies of represailles. Retorsies zijn niet door het internationaal recht verboden. Retorsies zijn maatregelen zoals het verbreken van diplomatieke betrekkingen of het opschorten van ontwikkelingshulp. Deze maatregelen zijn onrechtmatig als ze in specifieke verdragsbepalingen verboden worden. Represailles zijn echter wel door het internationaal recht verboden. Represailles zijn alleen rechtmatig als ze erop gericht zijn om een onrechtmatige daad van een andere staat te beëindigen. Represailles worden in dat geval ook tegenmaatregelen (countermeasures) genoemd. Tegenmaatregelen mogen alleen genomen worden als er aan een aantal voorwaarden is voldaan. Alleen gelaedeerde staten (injured states) hebben het recht om tegenmaatregelen te nemen. Deze gelaedeerde staten moeten de aansprakelijke staat eerst verzoeken om de schending te beëindigen en rechtsherstel te bieden. De aansprakelijke staat moet eerst in de...
Access level for JoHo WorldSupporter members with extra services: how does it work
Access level for JoHo WorldSupporter members with extra services ('online access')
- The content this particular page is only visible with a JoHo WorldSupporter membership with extra services ('online access')
- Please log in with your account when you are a member with online access
- Are you having trouble logging in: read first the answers to the most frequently asked questions
How to get online access as a JoHo WorldSupporter member?
1 - Go to JoHo.org/en/joinjoho, and join JoHo WorldSupporter by choosing a membership with online access
2 - Return to WorldSupporter.org and create an account with the same email address
3 - State your JoHo WorldSupporter Membership during the creation of your account, and you can start using the services
- You have online access to all free + all exclusive summaries and study notes on WorldSupporter.org and JoHo.org
- You can use all services on JoHo WorldSupporter.org (EN/NL)
- You can make use of the tools for work abroad, long journeys, voluntary work, internships and study abroad on JoHo.org (Dutch service)
Already an account?
- In case you have previously created a WorldSupporter account then, after registering with JoHo, you can change your status on your WorldSupporter account to membership with full online access. Edit your account and see under 'Profile' for the change.
- Note: Again, you must have used the same email address.
Why to join JoHo WorldSupporter as a member?
- Benefits of joining WorldSupporter:
- You can use the navigation and follow your favorite supporters and organizations
- You can create your own content, add contributions and post messages
- You can save and collect your favorite content
- You can read the posts and updates
- Benefits of joining WorldSupporter with full online access:
- free access to all the pages and summaries on WorldSupporter that are exclusive for members with an additional contribution to the goals of WorldSupporter
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Online access to all summaries, study notes en practice exams
- Check out: Register with JoHo WorldSupporter: starting page (EN)
- Check out: Aanmelden bij JoHo WorldSupporter - startpagina (NL)
Using and finding summaries, study notes en practice exams on JoHo WorldSupporter
There are several ways to navigate the large amount of summaries, study notes en practice exams on JoHo WorldSupporter.
- Use the menu above every page to go to one of the main starting pages
- Starting pages: for some fields of study and some university curricula editors have created (start) magazines where customised selections of summaries are put together to smoothen navigation. When you have found a magazine of your likings, add that page to your favorites so you can easily go to that starting point directly from your profile during future visits. Below you will find some start magazines per field of study
- Use the topics and taxonomy terms
- The topics and taxonomy of the study and working fields gives you insight in the amount of summaries that are tagged by authors on specific subjects. This type of navigation can help find summaries that you could have missed when just using the search tools. Tags are organised per field of study and per study institution. Note: not all content is tagged thoroughly, so when this approach doesn't give the results you were looking for, please check the search tool as back up
- Check or follow your (study) organizations:
- by checking or using your study organizations you are likely to discover all relevant study materials.
- this option is only available trough partner organizations
- Check or follow authors or other WorldSupporters
- by following individual users, authors you are likely to discover more relevant study materials.
- Use the Search tools
- 'Quick & Easy'- not very elegant but the fastest way to find a specific summary of a book or study assistance with a specific course or subject.
- The search tool is also available at the bottom of most pages
Do you want to share your summaries with JoHo WorldSupporter and its visitors?
- Check out: Why and how to add a WorldSupporter contributions
- JoHo members: JoHo WorldSupporter members can share content directly and have access to all content: Join JoHo and become a JoHo member
- Non-members: When you are not a member you do not have full access, but if you want to share your own content with others you can fill out the contact form
Quicklinks to fields of study for summaries and study assistance
Field of study
- All studies for summaries, study assistance and working fields
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