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Almost one-third of children being treated do not improve. There are two ways in which the efficacy of a treatment can be tested:
The prevalence of depression is 5% with the prevalence being between 10% to 20% in adolescence. It is associated with a host of negative outcomes and is comorbid with other mental health problems (e.g. anxiety). It is also a risk factor for the development of substance use and abuse. Depression in youth is a risk factor for the
........Read moreThe recovery rate of CBT for anxiety disorders is approximately 60%. Treatment tries to treat underlying constructs of anxiety even though different anxiety disorders exist and are often highly heterogeneous. However, there may be a differential response to different treatments per disorder as this is the case with adults.
The presence of social anxiety disorder at
........Read moreSocial anxiety disorder (SAD) refers to a persistent, intense fear of social situations in which the individual may be negatively evaluated by others. This fear must occur in peer settings and not just in adult settings for children. The prevalence rate is 10% in adolescence and first incidence after the age of 21 is very low.
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The new criteria for ASD in the DSM-5 may influence the incidence of ASD as the diagnosis between people may now differ based on timing rather than symptoms (e.g. a person diagnosed in 2004 compared to a person diagnosed in 2015). The DSM-5 makes use of severity to tackle the difficulty disentangling whether symptoms are due to ASD
........Read moreToddler interventions for ASD are often delivered in a naturalistic and interactive social context (e.g. play). It typically involves child-directed teaching strategies (e.g. child-preferred materials). Naturalistic developmental behavioural interventions (NDBI) refer to interventions that employ a naturalistic and interactive social context and involve child-directed teaching strategies.
Learning is facilitated by an affective exchange between the child and
........Read moreBehavioural interventions refer to interventions which are directed at improving an individual’s conduct using reinforcement and social learning principles. This includes increasing desired behaviours and decreasing undesired behaviours. Among these treatments are classical contingency management (1), behaviour therapy (2) and cognitive behavioural therapy (3).
Not all studies investigating these interventions had blinded measures (e.g. symptom rating
........Read moreEndeavorRX refers to a videogame-delivered cognitive training treatment intended to improve neurocognitive deficits associated with ADHD. Children play the game for 30 minutes or more every day for several weeks. The idea is that when core cognitive deficits are reduced, the problems that are associated with these deficits will also reduce. This treatment has some evidence for near-transfer
........Read moreBehavioural teacher training is the most effective psychosocial classroom intervention to treat ADHD. Additionally, it reduces teacher burden and increases levels of teacher self-efficacy. In this training, teachers are taught to change a child’s behaviour by using stimulus control techniques. This aims to change behaviours by manipulating their antecedents or stimulus conditions to increase the chance that a
........Read moreIdentifying common elements between treatments could render them more effective. Many treatments have common elements yet a unique focus. This could help personalize the treatments. Knowing common elements of treatments allows therapists to implement these techniques in treatment more easily. Knowledge of treatment mechanisms and identification of potent treatment techniques can support enhanced precision in matching systemic treatments
........Read moreDevelopmental dyscalculia (DD) refers to a learning disorder which specifically affects the ability to acquire school-level arithmetic skills. It occurs when a child has a substantially lower mathematical ability compared to what can be expected for the person’s chronological age (1), measured intelligence (2) and age-appropriate education (3). The prevalence is 3% to 6%. It is often comorbid
........Read moreThe IQ-discrepancy definition for problematic readers (e.g. dyslexia) is subpar as they often show average scores on measures of word level skills. Intelligence tests do not differentiate the atypically achieving children from a group of typically achieving children when it comes to reading performance. Early reading difficulties in most beginning readers are caused primarily by experiential and instructional
........Read moreMindfulness refers to intentionally directing attention to present moment experiences with an attitude of curiosity and acceptance. Higher levels of mindfulness is associated with better functioning for several psychological and physical health outcomes. Mindfulness skills can be augmented through training. The enhancement of proximal skills (e.g. non-judgemental attention control) may influence distal outcomes (e.g. reduced symptoms; improved behaviour).
........Read moreDialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) is a well-established treatment for borderline personality disorder (BPD). It seems to be efficacious and this also holds for chronically depressed older adults and individuals with eating disorders. DBT decreases problem behaviours in BPD (e.g. self-injurious behaviour; suicide attempts; suicidal ideation; hopelessness; bulimic behaviour; depression).
DBT focuses on the balance between acceptance
........Read moreAbout 16% of the children exposed to a trauma develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This is associated with psychiatric comorbidity (1), functional impairment (2) and persistence into adulthood (3). Early and effective treatment is needed to reduce the negative effects of PTSD.
Trauma-focused psychological therapies are recommended as first-line approach. Trauma-focused cognitive behavioural strategies (CBT) involve
........Read moreThe most cost-effective treatment for childhood anxiety disorders (CAD) is cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). It typically includes elements of cognitive restructuring and exposure activities aimed at targeting common anxiety symptoms. Involving the parents or family in CBT for CAD is only beneficial under certain conditions. However, about a third of the children do not respond to treatment and
........Read morePTSD symptoms may persist into adulthood if children are not treated adequately. Cognitive behavioural treatment is more effective than a waitlist condition (1), community treatment (2), supportive therapy (3) or child-centred therapy (4) on short- and long-term outcomes. However, there is no consensus regarding essential aspects of the treatment (e.g. should anxiety management procedures be added?). Furthermore, most
........Read morePrior suicide attempts are indicators of suicide death. Prior suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) are indicators of future suicide attempts. Therapeutic interventions for reducing self-harm have better outcomes than treatment as usual.
Dialectical behavioural therapy (DBT) refers to a multicomponent cognitive-behavioural treatment that targets treatment engagement and the reduction of self-harm and suicide attempts. It
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