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The two kinds of cells in the nervous system are ___, which receive and transmit information to other cells, and ___ which do not transmit information.
The outer surface of a cell is called the ___ and the fluid inside the cell is the ___.
Which part of a neuron contains the nucleus?
Neurons have one ___, but can have any number of ___.
As a general rule, axons convey information ___.
What is an interneuron?
A neuron that conveys information toward the hippocampus is considered a (an) ___ cell, with regard to the hippocampus.
A neuron that conveys information away from the hippocampus is considered a (an) ___ cell, with regard to the hippocampus.
In the human brain, glia cells are ___.
What is one function not performed by glia?
The difference in voltage between the inside and the outside of a neuron that typically exists is called the ___.
What is meant by the term ‘concentration gradient’?
The sodium potassium pump pumps sodium ions ___ and potassium ions ___.
The sodium potassium pump makes which of the following features of a neuron possible?
When the neuron is at rest, which of the following forces tends to move potassium ions out of the cell?
If a stimulus shifts the potential inside a neuron from the resting potential to a more negative potential, the result is ___.
If a stimulus shifts the potential inside a neuron from the resting potential to a potential slightly closer to zero, the result is known as ___.
A membrane produces an action potential whenever the potential across it reaches ___.
According to the all-or-none law, ___.
For a given neuron, the resting potential is 70 mV and the threshold is 55 mV. Stimulus A depolarizes the membrane to exactly 55 mV. Stimulus B depolarizes the membrane to 40 mV. What can we expect to happen?
During the entire course of events from the start of an action potential until the membrane returns to its resting potential, the net movement of ions is ___.
What is the refractory period of a neuron?
Most action potentials begin ___.
The velocity of an action potential is ___.
The function of a myelin sheath is to ___.
What are the nodes of Ranvier?
A. Neurons, glia.
D. Membrane, cytoplasm.
A. Cell body.
B. Axon, dendrites.
C. Away from the cell body .
B. A neuron that receives all its information from other neurons and conveys impulses only to other neurons.
A. Afferent.
B. Efferent.
C. More numerous than neurons.
C. Transmit information.
C. Resting potential.
B. Potassium ions are more concentrated inside the cell and sodium ions are more concentrated outside.
D. Out of the cell, into the cell.
B. Resting potential.
A. Concentration gradient.
A. Hyperpolarization.
B. Depolarization.
C. The threshold
C. The size of the action potential is independent of the strength of the stimulus that initiated it.
D. Stimulus A and stimulus B will produce action potentials of the same size.
C. Sodium in, potassium out.
C. A period in which a usually adequate stimulus cannot produce an action potential.
C. At the axon hillock.
C. 1100 m/sec.
B. Increase the velocity of transmission along an axon.
D. Interruptions in the myelin sheath.
Where does the abbreviation EPSP stand for?
What is an EPSP?
Spatial summation refers to ___.
What is an IPSP?
The synthesis of neurotransmitter molecules takes place ___.
When an action potential reaches the end of an axon, the depolarization causes what ionic movement?
What is the synaptic cleft?
D. Excitatory post synaptic potential.
A. Graded depolarization.
C. Adding two stimuli from different sources at the same time.
D. Temporary hyperpolarization.
D. In either the cell body or the presynaptic terminal, depending on the particular neurotransmitter.
D. Calcium into the cell.
A. The gap between the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron.
The occipital lobe is at the ___ of the brain.
What isn’t part of the subcortical areas?
What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system?
The cerebellum has different functions. Which is not a function of the cerebellum?
The prefrontal cortex ___.
How does fMRI work?
C. Posterior.
A. Hypothalamus
B. It prepares the organs for activity.
B. It plays a role in sensory perception.
B. Is important for working memory.
B. It shows an image of the brain by measuring blood flow with magnetic fields.
What is the sequence of creating new connections?
What happens when an axon no longer receives nerve growth factor (NGF)?
When there is a blood clot in the artery, it’s called ___.
What is incorrect?
What is true about RNA?
What isn’t true about evolution?
A. Proliferation- migration- differentiation- synaptogenesis.
B. The axon will deteriorate and his cell body will die.
C. Ischemia.
A. On the DNA there are chromosomes.
B. RNA is one string of DNA.
C. When a body part is not being used that often, it will be less present in the next generations.
In many ways the eye is analogous to a camera. The light sensitive surface in the back of the eye that would correspond to the film in a camera is the ___.
Where are the rods and cones of the eye located?
The fovea is the part of the retina ___.
If you want to see something in fine detail, you should focus the light on which part of your retina?
Why is the blind spot of the retina blind?
The perception of colour depends on ___.
In comparison to the cones, the rods are ___.
According to the Young Helmholtz theory, colour vision is based on ___.
In the most common form of colour blindness people have difficulty distinguishing between what two colours?
Males are ___ likely to be colour blind compared to females.
Lateral inhibition refers to ___.
In which layer of the retina is visual information coded in series of action potentials?
The function of the horizontal cells in the retina is related to ___.
Where is the receptive field of a lateral geniculate cell located?
The three types of cells in the primary visual cortex are known as ___.
B. Retina.
A. Retina.
A. With the greatest perception of detail.
B. Fovea.
B. It is the point where the optic nerve leaves the retina and there are no rods or cones.
B. Cones.
B. More sensitive to dim light.
B. Three kinds of receptors.
C. Red and green.
C. More
B. The reduction of activity in one neuron by activity in a neighbouring neuron.
D. In the layer of the ganglion cells.
D. Increase of contrast.
A. In the retina.
A. Simple, complex, and hypercomplex.
According to the law of specific nerve energies, ___.
The intensity of a sound wave is its ___; the perception of that intensity is its ___.
Suppose the highest pitch you can hear is about 20,000 Hz. Under what circumstances will that limit decrease?
Three small bones connect the tympanic membrane to the oval window of the inner ear. The function of those bones is to ___.
The cochlea is part of which sensory system?
How are the receptor cells of the auditory system known?
"Every sound causes one location along the basilar membrane to resonate, and thereby excites neurons in that area." This is one way to state which theory about pitch perception?
Damage to the cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerve can produce ___.
Touch, pain, and other body sensations are known as ___ senses.
Which two sensory systems are based on the responses of hair cells?
A. Electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve is perceived as sound.
D. Amplitude, loudness.
A. It drops naturally as you grow older.
B. Convert air waves into waves of greater pressure.
B. Auditory.
C. Hair cells.
C. Place theory.
B. Nerve deafness.
D. Mechanical
B. Hearing and vestibular sensation.
Which muscle is ‘antagonistic’ to a flexor muscle in the left leg?
Which of these disorders is commonly treated with LDOPA?
Which would be especially important (i.e. used much more than normal) when you run up a flight of stairs at full speed?
What statement is valid regarding Parkinson's disease?
The cerebellum is most important for ___.
People who have suffered damage to the cerebellum ___.
Tests for alcoholic intoxication resemble the tests for damage to the ___.
The caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus make up the ___.
Following damage to the basal ganglia, people ___.
A common treatment for Parkinson's disease is a drug that ___.
Which of the following is not common in people with Parkinson's disease?
What is one of the main symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?
B. An extensor muscle in the left leg.
B. Parkinson's disease.
A. Fast-twitch muscles.
B. The basal ganglia are affected, expressed in a tremor during rest.
D. Learned motor programs of ballistic movements.
A. Have to plan their movements one at a time, not as a smooth sequence.
B. Cerebellum.
A. Basal ganglia.
D. Have difficulty initiating movements.
B. Increases the brain's production of dopamine.
D. Outbursts of emotional excitement.
C. Difficulty initiating movements.
What is a free running rhythm?
What is a Zeitgeber?
Under what circumstance is a person's circadian activity cycle most likely to drift out of phase with the activity of other people?
If people live in an environment in which the cycle of light and dark is not 24 hours, ___.
What is the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the biological clock?
What is a device that can be used to measure stages of sleep?
Alpha waves occur in an EEG record during ___.
REM sleep is synonymous with ___.
Stages 2, 3, and 4 differ in their ___.
What is the contradiction in REM sleep?
Facial twitches, finger twitches, and eye movements are most characteristic of ___.
Which of the following is not associated with REM sleep?
For a normal person, a cycle of sleep from stage 1 to stage 4 and back again to stage 1 lasts about ___.
For a normal person, which part of a night's sleep contains the largest percentage of stage 4 sleep?
Compared to the early part of a night's sleep, the later part ___.
What is the relationship between sleep stage and dreaming?
PGO (as in PGO waves) is an abbreviation for ___.
Narcolepsy is characterized by ___.
D. The time cycle generated by a biological clock that is not reset.
C. A mechanism that resets a biological clock.
C. If the person spends a period of time in a cave, away from sunlight.
C. They adjust better if the cycle is close to 24 (e.g. 25).
A. Its neurons generate a 24hour rhythm themselves.
B. EEG.
C. Relaxed wakefulness.
D. Paradoxical sleep.
B. Percentage of slow, low amplitude waves.
B. The brain is very active, while many of the muscles of the body are deeply relaxed.
D. REM sleep.
D. Postural muscles tense and active.
B. 90-100 minutes.
A. Early in the night’s sleep.
A. Includes a larger percentage of REM sleep.
C. Dreams occur in both, but they are more frequent and more vivid in REM sleep.
C. Pons geniculate occipital.
C. Sudden periods of sleepiness during the day.
How do adult mammals with damage to the preoptic area regulate their body temperature?
If an animal that lacks physiological mechanisms of temperature control gets an infection, it ___.
Your posterior pituitary would be most likely to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ___.
Most of the calories people consume are used ___.
The hormone released by the posterior pituitary that causes your kidneys to reabsorb and conserve water is ___.
When does osmotic pressure of the body fluids increase?
When food distends the duodenum, the duodenum releases the hormone ___.
An injection of CCK ___.
When insulin levels are high, ___.
A homeostatic process is one that ___.
If an animal's body temperature stays the same as that of the environment, it is said to be ___.
One advantage of maintaining a constant body temperature is that it ___.
Which organisms, if any, use behavioural means to regulate their body temperature?
C. Behaviorally.
C. Chooses a hotter environment and gets a fever behaviourally.
A. If you are very thirsty.
D. For basal metabolism.
A. Antidiuretic hormone.
D. When you donate blood.
D. Prolactin.
A. Increases sodium appetite.
D. Activity and energy levels increase.
D. Regulates blood flow.
C. Poikilothermic.
C. Minimizes the energy that must be expended on basal metabolism.
D. Neither poikilothermic nor homeothermic.
The ___ system is the precursor of the fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina and the ___ system develops into the seminal vesicles.
What effects of sex hormones produce long-term, structural effects?
The heightened release of estradiol causes a heightened release of ___ and a sudden increase in the release of ___ from the anterior pituitary gland.
Some people have an anatomy that can be seen as male and female. What is usually the cause of this?
How can having an older brother increase the chances for male homosexuality?
C. Müllerian; Wolfferian
C. Organising.
B. FSH; LH.
B. CAH.
A. The older brother has changed the mother’s immune system in the prenatal environment.
Which of the following would greatly activate the parasympathetic nervous system?
One prediction based on the James Lange theory of emotions is that ___.
The James Lange theory of emotions and the Cannon Bard theory differ mainly with regard to which question?
The currently accepted view on the role of psychological factors in health is that ___.
Benzodiazepines are steadily replacing the less desirable barbiturates. Which of the following characteristics of benzodiazepines is true?
Benzodiazepines are most commonly used in the treatment of ___.
Which hormone is regulated by the HPA-axis?
Which system is mostly associated with happiness?
B. Removal of a stimulus that excited the sympathetic nervous system.
C. The more intense the physiological arousal, the greater the emotion.
A. Do emotions depend on autonomic changes or are they independent?
A. Most causes of disease are best explained in purely physical, not psychological, terms.
B. Benzodiazepines strengthen the working of GABA antagonists.
C. Alcoholism.
B. Non-adrenaline.
B. BAS.
Thiamine deficiency leads to Korsakoff's syndrome because thiamine is necessary for the ___.
Both classical and operant conditioning can be described as ___.
Pavlov believed that classical conditioning reflected a strengthened connection between a brain area that represents ___ and a brain area that represents ___.
Which of the following observations (if true) would most seriously contradict Lashley's principles of mass action and equipotentiality?
Which of the following statements about amnesia is true?
Retrograde amnesia means ___; anterograde amnesia means ___.
Patients with Korsakoff's syndrome typically suffer from ___.
A. Metabolism of glucose.
A. An association between two events.
D. CS activity, US activity.
A. A learned response is lost after damage to one connection but not others.
C. Some people show severe impairments in some aspects of memory without any impairments in other aspects of memory.
D. Loss of memory for old events, inability to form new memories.
A. Both anterograde and retrograde amnesia.
Both monkeys and humans with damage to the prefrontal cortex are impaired in their performance of tasks requiring ___.
What function isn’t asymmetrically lateralised?
What term relates to impairment in the Broca area?
When the corpus callosum is cut, a person won’t be able to ___.
What isn’t true about dyslexia?
C. Suppressing one's previous response and substituting a new one.
C. Motoric.
A. Non-fluent aphasia.
C. Name the object in the left visual field.
B. Dyslexia is common in all languages in the same amount.
Lithium is most commonly prescribed for ___.
Which of the following is not a common characteristic of schizophrenia?
Which of the following is an example of a ‘negative symptom’ of schizophrenia?
A schizophrenic patient whose main symptoms are lack of emotional expression, lack of social interaction, and lack of speech is said to suffer from ___.
Schizophrenia is generally diagnosed for the first time when a person is between the ages ___.
Which of these indications of brain damage is common in people with schizophrenia?
A restless, impulsive person whose speech rambles from one idea to another may fit which of these categories?
People with unipolar disorder ___.
Manic-depressive disorder is synonymous with ___.
What is the best treatment for seasonal affective disorder?
What do scientists recommend pregnant women taking, in order to reduce the chance of getting a child with autism?
D. Manic-depressive disorder.
D. Alternation between one personality and another.
B. Lack of emotional expression.
B. Negative symptoms.
C. 15 and 30.
B. Loss of neurons in the thalamus, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus.
C. Mania.
C. Vary between depression and normal mood.
B. Bipolar disorder.
A. Bright light.
D. Folium acid.
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Summaries and study assistance with the 13th edition of the book:
There are many questions about the relationship between physics and psychology, but also about our existence. Questions that cover this subject are ‘Why is there something instead of nothing?’ and ‘How did the universe develop?’.
Biological Psychology is the study of the physiological, evolutionary, and developmental mechanisms of behaviour and experience. Biological psychology tries to find a link between the build-up of the brain and the behaviour an organism shows.
Mental activity and certain types of brain activity are inseparable. This is called monism (the universe exists out of one type of material). The opposite of this is dualism (the brain exists out of one type of substance and matter is something else). Most scientists and neuroscientists support monism.
The nervous system consists of two kind of specialized cells. Neurons process and transmit information by electrical and chemical signalling; and glia maintain homeostasis, form myelin, provide support and protection for neurons.
The myelin sheath is an insulating layer around the axon. It has intervals called the nodes of Ranvier. The myelin sheath accelerates the action potential. An afferent axon is an axon that imports information into a structure. An efferent axon is an axon that exports information from a structure. An interneuron is a neuron that connects afferent neurons and efferent neurons in neural pathways.
The vertebrate brain does not replace damaged neural cells, as damaged cells in
Biological Psychology is the study of the physiological, evolutionary, and developmental mechanisms of behaviour and experience. Biological psychology tries to find a link between the build of the brains and the behaviour an organism shows. It’s not only a research field, but also a certain position. We behave because of certain brain mechanisms, which we have developed because previous animals have survived with these mechanisms and produced better than animals with other mechanisms. In order to make a connection between brains and behaviour, we need to know more about the different areas of the brain.
The writers of this book want you to remember three things:
Perception happens in the brains. When something touches your hand, your hand will send a signal to the brain. You will feel it in your brain, not in your hand.
Mental activity and certain types of brain activity are inseparable. This is called monism (the universe exists out of one type of material). The opposite of this is dualism (the brain exists out of one type of substance and matter is something else). Most scientists and neuroscientists support monism.
You have to be careful in reporting what is an explanation and what isn’t. Research has shown that some parts of the brain are less active in depressive people. However, this doesn’t mean that less active parts of the brain cause depression. We need to know more before concluding something.
There are four categories of biological explanations of behaviour:
The Physiological explanation focuses on
Biological Psychology is the study of the physiological, evolutionary, and developmental mechanisms of behavior and experience.
There are four categories of biological explanations of behavior:
The Physiological explanation focuses on the brain and other anatomical structures.
The Ontogenetic explanation focuses on the development of structures/behavior.
The Evolutionary explanation focuses on the evolutionary history of structures/behavior.
The Functional explanation focuses on the functions of structures/behavior, why they developed.
The mind-body problem asks the question: What is the relationship between between mental activity and brain experience? There are two different approaches to this question:
Dualism is the view that the mind and body function separately.
Monism is the view that the mind and body are the same substance. We can identify various forms of monism: materialism (everything is physical) mentalism (the mind is a precondition for the physical world) and identity position (the mind and body are the same but described by different terms).
Do other people have consciousness?
Solipsism is the belief that “I am the only one who exists”.
Easy and hard problems of consciousness
Genes are units of heredity, which come in pairs. Chromosomes are strands of genes and they also occur in pairs (with.....read more
The two kinds of cells in the nervous system are ___, which receive and transmit information to other cells, and ___ which do not transmit information.
The outer surface of a cell is called the ___ and the fluid inside the cell is the ___.
Which part of a neuron contains the nucleus?
Neurons have one ___, but can have any number of ___.
As a general rule, axons convey information ___.
What is an interneuron?
A neuron that conveys information toward the hippocampus is considered a (an) ___ cell, with regard to the hippocampus.
A neuron that conveys information away from the hippocampus is considered a (an) ___ cell, with regard to the hippocampus.
1. The two kinds of cells in the nervous system are __________, which receive and transmit information to other cells, and __________, which do not transmit information.
A) neurons, glia
B) glia, hypoglia
C) glia, neurons
D) neurons, corpuscles
2. The outer surface of a cell is called the __________ and the fluid inside the cell is the __________.
A) cytoplasm, endoplasm
B) membrane, nuclear fluid
C) wall, goo
D) membrane, cytoplasm
3. Which structure within an animal cell contains the chromosomes?
A) endoplasmic reticulum
B) mitochondrion
C) membrane
D) nucleus
4. The main feature that distinguishes a neuron from other cells is the neuron's
A) larger nucleus.
B) ability to metabolize a variety of fuels.
C) high internal concentration of sodium ions.
D) varied shape.
5. Which part of a neuron contains the nucleus?
A) cell body
B) dendrites
C) axon
D) presynaptic ending
6. Neurons have one __________, but can have any number of __________.
A) dendrite, axons
B) axon, dendrites
C) cell body, axons
D) axon hillock, cell bodies
7. An axon hillock is
A) the end of an axon, close to the next cell.
B) a swelling in the middle of an axon.
C) a point at which the axon branches in two or more directions.
D) a swelling at the start of an axon, next to the cell body.
8. As a general rule, axons convey information
A) toward dendrites of their own cell.
B) toward their own cell body.
C) away from the cell body.
D) to glia.
9. One way to tell the difference between a dendrite and an axon is that dendrites usually
A) form branches perpendicular to the main trunk of the dendrite.
B) are longer than the axon.
C) are covered with myelin.
D) taper in diameter toward their periphery.
10. An interneuron is
A) a glia cell that separates one neuron from another.
B) a neuron that receives all its information from other neurons and conveys impulses only to other neurons.
C) a neuron that has its cell body in the spinal cord and an axon that extends to a muscle or gland.
D) a cell whose properties are halfway between those of a neuron and those of a glia cell.
11. A neuron that conveys information toward the hippocampus is considered a (an) __________ cell, with regard
.....read moreQuestions and answers with Biological Psychology by Kalat.
Summaries, practice questions and more study assistance with Biological Psychology by Kalat can be found in the study guide
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