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What is allostase?
Which of the following is no function of the biological 'fight or flight' stress response?
During the stress response the sympathetic nervous system is active / deactivated and the parasympathetic nervous system is active / deactivated.
From an evolutionary perspective, what does one try to do in the case of a stress response?
True or untrue: The adrenal gland is responsible for excreting adrenalin.
What order of events is correct?
Why does the body suppress the production of insulin during a stress response?
What is the consequence of arteriosclerosis in the heart?
What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
Why is the combination of diabetes and stress so bad for health?
What is the IBS syndrome?
What is the Helicobacter pylori and is it harmful?
Weiss and Brady used gastric ulcers as dependent variables in their stress experiments with monkeys and rats. These ulcers would occur as the result of stress; due to overactivation of the autonomic nervous system and hormones. However, it has been known for a number of years that a bacterium (the Helicobacter Pylori) is responsible for stomach ulcers. Does this make a stress theory about the development of stomach ulcers untenable?
Romanian orphans are often smaller than average. What could be the reason for this?
What is the influence of stress on successfully getting pregnant through IVF (in vitro fertilization)?
What are the functions of B- and T-cells?
The immune system is suppressed during prolonged stress. The initial explanation for this was that the body tries to save energy and fuel. However, this is could not be the only explanation, since ...
Why are people inclined to scratch their insect bites?
Explain the placebo-effect.
What is Cushingoid dementia?
Is there a causal relationship between having a small hippocampus and developing PTSD after a trauma?
What are the different phases of sleep?
During which of those phases of sleep does dreaming occur?
How come that a bad recovery from a jet lag impairs your memory?
What kind of neurological evidence was found that supports the idea that older people experience fewer negative emotions?
A researcher gives a group of rats food on predictable moments, and another group of rats the same amounts of food, only then on unpredictable moments. Will the second group of rats have a stress response and why?
How can learned helplessness influence or stimulate the onset of a depressive episode?
How did twin studies provide evidence for a genetic factor in depression?
What are the common abnormalities in the brain of someone who is depressed?
What personality types particularly suffer from a chronic stress response?
How do psychostimulants reduce the stress response, making it more likely for a person to keep on using drugs during stressful times?
True or untrue? When there are a lot of complications during birth, the child will become more prone to develop a drug addiction in adulthood.
Why is getting a level higher on the socio-economic ladder related to an increase in health?
Nowadays, psychological stress is a way more important cause of disease than it was before the 20th century, or even before agriculture was developed. What is the reason for this?
Which of the following statements is/are true?
I Stress can accelarate the process of aging
II Elderly often deal less efficiently with stress
How does social support reduce the negative consequences of stress?
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Nederlandstalige samenvattingen en studiehulp bij de 3e druk van het boek:
Engelstalige samenvattingen en studiehulp bij de 3e druk van het boek:
Chapter summaries from the book: Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers by Robert Sapolsky. Only chapters that are required to be read (according to syllabus) will be included
Summaries per chapter with the 3rd edition of Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: The Acclaimed Guide to Stress, Stress-Related Diseases, and Coping by Sapolsky
Hoi Stan,
Hierij mijn update bij de opdracht.
Ik ben benieuwd naar je feedback op de hoofdstukken in het Nederlands. Er moet zoveel aan de oude samenvatting worden verbeterd dat ikzelf soms even niet meer zie wat beter kan en wat al goed is.
Dezelfde
...What has changed in common disease patterns?
In recent decades, much has changed in common disease patterns. Partly due to advances in the development of pharmacy, the patterns now look very different and are no longer comparable with, for example, diseases that our ancestors died from. Nowadays , more and more people suffer from heart failure and cardio-vascular diseases than, for example , from infections and malnutrition. In connection with this change in disease patterns, the picture of how we view diseases has also undergone changes. We have discovered that there is a strong connection between emotions and the biological processes in our body. Our thoughts, feelings and personalities influence these processes in our body , which can cause that two people who get the same disease to go through a totally different course of the disease. Stress also affects our health and can even make us feel sick. However, stress can lead to adaptation of the body to certain situations in order to survive. In this way, the neurons in our brain can survive for five minutes without oxygen during a heart attack , without being permanently damaged .
In addition to differences between people of today and of the past , there are also differences between people and animals. This difference mainly concerns the area of how they
.....read moreWhat is allostase?
Which of the following is no function of the biological 'fight or flight' stress response?
During the stress response the sympathetic nervous system is active / deactivated and the parasympathetic nervous system is active / deactivated.
From an evolutionary perspective, what does one try to do in the case of a stress response?
True or untrue: The adrenal gland is responsible for excreting adrenalin.
What order of events is correct?
Why does the body suppress the production of insulin during a stress
.....read moreWhat has changed in common disease patterns?
In recent decades, much has changed in common disease patterns. Partly due to advances in the development of pharmacy, the patterns now look very different and are no longer comparable with, for example, diseases that our ancestors died from. Nowadays , more and more people suffer from heart failure and cardio-vascular diseases than, for example , from infections and malnutrition. In connection with this change in disease patterns, the picture of how we view diseases has also undergone changes. We have discovered that there is a strong connection between emotions and the biological processes in our body. Our thoughts, feelings and personalities influence these processes in our body , which can cause that two people who get the same disease to go through a totally different course of the disease. Stress also affects our health and can even make us feel sick. However, stress can lead to adaptation of the body to certain situations in order to survive. In this way, the neurons in our brain can survive for five minutes without oxygen during a heart attack , without being permanently damaged .
In addition to differences between people of today and of the past , there are also differences between people and animals. This difference mainly concerns the area of how they
.....read moreWhy zebras don't get ulcers: The acclaimed guide to stress, stress-related diseases, and coping-now revised and updated
By: Sapolsky, R. M. (2004).
New York: Henry Holt.
As the master gland, the brain can experience or think of something stressful and activate components of the stress-response hormonally.
Some of the hypothalamus-pituitary-peripheral gland links are activated during stress, some inhibited.
Two hormones vital to the stress-response released by the sympathetic nervous system:
Another important class of hormones in the response to stress are called glucocorticoids.
These are steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal gland.
Back the epinephrine activity up over the course of minutes to hours.
Because the adrenal gland is basically witless, glucocorticoid release must ultimately be under the control of the hormones of the brain.
When something stressful happens or you think a stressful thought, the hypothalamus secretes an array of releasing hormones into the hypothalamic-pituitary circulatory system that gets the ball rolling.
The principal such releaser is CRH (coticotropin releasing hormone).
A variety of minor players synergize with CRH
Withing fifteen seconds, CRH triggers the pituitary to release ACTH (corticotrpin) in the bloodstream.
ACTH reaches the adrenal gland and (in a few minutes) triggers glucocorticoid release.
Together, glucocorticoids and the secretions of the sympathetic nervous system (epinephrine and norepinephrine) account for a large percentage of what happens in your body during stress.
In times of stress, your pancreas is stimulated to release a hormone called glucagon.
Glucocorticoids, glucagon, and the systematic nervous system raise circulating levels of the sugar glucose.
These hormones are essential for mobilizing energy during stress.
Other hormones are activated as well.
The pituitary secretes prolactin, which plays a role in suppressing reproduction during stress.
Both the pituitary and the brain secrete endorphins and enkephalins, which help blunt pain perception.
The pituitary secretes vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone), which plays a role in the cardiovascular stress response.
Various hormonal systems are inhibited during stress
The secretion of various reproductive hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are inhibited.
Hormones related to growth are also inhibited.
As are the secretin of insulin.
A few complications
Fight or flight response is a way of conceptualizing the stress-response as preparing the body for that sudden burst of energy demands.
This might be different in females.
In most species, females are typically less aggressive than males, and having dependent young often precludes the option of flight.
Some suggest that the female stress-response is about
What has changed in common disease patterns?
In recent decades, much has changed in common disease patterns. Partly due to advances in the development of pharmacy, the patterns now look very different and are no longer comparable with, for example, diseases that our ancestors died from. Nowadays , more and more people suffer from heart failure and cardio-vascular diseases than, for example , from infections and malnutrition. In connection with this change in disease patterns, the picture of how we view diseases has also undergone changes. We have discovered that there is a strong connection between emotions and the biological processes in our body. Our thoughts, feelings and personalities influence these processes in our body , which can cause that two people who get the same disease to go through a totally different course of the disease. Stress also affects our health and can even make us feel sick. However, stress can lead to adaptation of the body to certain situations in order to survive. In this way, the neurons in our brain can survive for five minutes without oxygen during a heart attack , without being permanently damaged .
In addition to differences between people of today and of the past , there are also differences between people and animals. This difference mainly concerns the area of how they experience stress. Animals experience stress only in acute physical crisis situations. Consider the following example: A zebra is hunted by a tiger. The zebra will suddenly have to run , in order to bring itself to safety . The zebra can even be injured by the tiger and still keep on trying to flee. At this point, a lot of things are physically demanded of the zebra. However, their body appears to be perfectly capable of dealing with this type of stress. People, on the other hand, more often experience chronic physical stress instead of acute stress. For example, when a farmer's crops have been eaten by animals, he will have to get his food from somewhere else for a long period of time. For example, he will have to walk much further each time to get some food . Because every time, for a long time, he has to make more effort for his food, he undergoes chronic physical stress. The human body can handle this type of stress reasonably well.
In addition to acute and chronic physical stress, there is a third form of stress, which is psychological and social stress. This type of stress is typical for humans. What
.....read moreChapter summaries from the book: Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers by Robert Sapolsky. Only chapters that are required to be read (according to syllabus) will be included
Nederlandstalige samenvattingen en studiehulp bij de 3e druk van het boek:
Engelstalige samenvattingen en studiehulp bij de 3e druk van het boek:
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