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H C   6   -   J U N I   2 0 2 3

Motor development

What and why motor development

• Study of motor development is study of behavioral development
• Motor behavior requires and reveals the working of the mind
• Infant motor development include the acquisition of:
  
  • Basic skills such as moving head and eyes to look around, moving arms and hands to grasp objects and moving the body to sit up or go somewhere
  • Higher-order skills such as stacking boxes
  • Skills to support interaction such as moving face for expressing emotions, moving arms and hands to point and moving mouth to talk
• Movements are constrained by the current status of the body
• Movements are shaped by social influences

H C   5   -   M E I   2 0 2 3

Perceptual development

Difference sensation and perception

• Sensation: processing of basic information from the external world via receptors in the sense organs and brain  »  five different senses: sight, hearing, taste, touch and smell
• Perception: processing of organizing and interpreting sensory information about the objects, events and spatial layout of the world around us

Visual development

Multiple steps to perception:

• Processing basic information (sensation)
  • Refers to all the properties of a stimulus (e.g. color, orientation, contrast, spatial frequency)
  • The properties are processed in your brain in the visual cortex
  • The properties enter the eye, after which the information is send to the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)

H C   3   -   M E I   2 0 2 3  

Brain development

The brain is one of the most complex systems in our body.

What the brain is made of

• 100 billion neurons
• Neurons consist of:
  
  • Cell body (soma): contains the nucleus (in which all genetic materials are stored) and most cell process take place in the cell body
  • Dendrites: the receiving end of the neuron
  • Axon: it’s much longer than the dendrites and is the sending part of the neuron (it sends signals from one neuron to another)
  • Myeline sheet: cover of the axons. Two important functions:
    
    • to keep the neuron healthy
    • to speed

H C   5   -   8   M E I   2 0 2 3

Bayesiaanse statistiek en design overwegingen

Waarom houden wetenschappers van experimenten?

• Er is een hoge mate van controle » je kan veel zelf beïnvloeden
• Mensen nemen vaak deel aan experimenten

De empirische cirkel

1. Theorie en onderzoeksvraag
2. Onderzoeksontwerp
3. Hypothese formulering en preregistratie
   
   • Nulhypothese zegt altijd ‘er is geen effect’
   • Preregistratie: onderzoeksresultaten publiceren, ongeacht de resultaten
4. Steekproeftrekking, randomiseren en causaliteit, data verzameling en data controle
5. Nul hypothese significantie toetsing (NHST) of Bayesiaanse hypothese evaluatie
   
   • Cohen’s D = effectgrootte (stel ik vind een effect, is  het dan relevant?) » .20 is een klein effect, .50 is