“Clinical Skills: Developmental Psychology – Course summary (UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM)"
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The diagnosis-prescription model (i.e. client is object of research) refers to an intake model where the client answers questions asked by the clinician with little room for own input and additional thoughts. The clinician has the full control over the conversation. There is a diagnosis afterwards and this is used to prescribe a ‘solution’. The clinician takes the role of the expert and views the client in an overly goal-oriented and reductive manner. This model can occur when the client expresses the need for concrete advice and support.
The cooperation model (i.e. client is partner in counselling) refers to an intake model where the clinician works together with the client to find a solution to the problem. The clinician believes that the client should be encouraged to be self-reliant in searching for solutions for their problems and the clinician should actively and attentively help the client to think through one’s problems. The clinician should constantly aim to take the client’s perspective. To ensure that the client does not keep relying on others, it is important to discuss why it is important to make own choices and share in problem-solving endeavours.
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The diagnosis-prescription model (i.e. client is object of research) refers to an intake model where the client answers questions asked by the clinician with little room for own input and additional thoughts. The clinician has the full control over the conversation. There is a diagnosis afterwards and this is used to prescribe a ‘solution’. The clinician takes the role of the expert and views the client in an overly goal-oriented and reductive manner. This model can occur when the client expresses the need for concrete advice and support.
The cooperation model (i.e. client is partner in counselling) refers to an intake model where the clinician works together with the client to find a solution to the problem. The clinician believes that the client should be encouraged to be self-reliant in searching for solutions for their problems and the clinician should actively and attentively help the client to think through one’s problems. The clinician should constantly aim to take the client’s perspective. To ensure that the client does not keep relying on others, it is important to discuss why it is important to make own choices and share in problem-solving endeavours.
A goal refers to what the client or clinician would like to achieve (e.g. reduction of problems). There are two types of goals:
The choice of outcome goals is primarily the client’s responsibility and goals may change and need to be adapted throughout sessions. The clinician needs to adopt a role and this role may change. There are four roles:
Overgeneralization (e.g. “all Scottish people suck”) may occur when the client shows too little differentiation and too quick integration. All new information is immediately slotted into an existing mental framework. The client may also show too much differentiation and too little integration, meaning that there are too many nuances and information is not arranged into a clearly defined whole. The communicative detective role should be used if this is the case. However, this role should not be used if the confidant role deems sufficient.
The helping model (i.e. Egon’s model) refers to a framework that contains a set of guidelines for carrying out counselling. The model allows the clinician to organize the course of counselling with the client. There is cumulative building of goals and tasks and the stages apply to each problem as it emerges. It consists of three stages:
Listening skills are used to give the client an opportunity and encouragement to tell their story. Non-selective listening skills refer to skills that exert little influence and are intended to encourage and stimulate the client. The are several non-selective listening skills:
Selective skills refer to skills that are used to select a certain aspect of the client’s story which is deemed important. This can be done by going into the content, feeling of giving extra attention to a certain subject. There are several selective listening skills:
Psychological interpretation refers to redefining or restructuring the situation through the presentation of an alternate description of behaviour. The goal is to obtain new insights. Ubiquitous interpretation refers to interpreting from a certain frame of reference or viewpoint. Interpretation consists of a continuum between what is close to the client’s frame of reference and things that lie outside of the frame of reference of the client. It is important to not phrase interpretations right away:
An interpretation should be presented in a tentative tone and in language familiar to the client. However, a scholarly way of talking could be useful as long as it is in an understandable tone and helps the client understand their behaviour and problems. There are several skills (i.e. operationalizations) of interpretation;
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