This bundle contains everything you need to know for the fifth interim exam for the course "Scientific & Statistical Reasoning" given at the University of Amsterdam. It contains both articles, book chapters and lectures. It consists of the following materials:
STATISTICAL REASONING
Field: Chapter 12
Field: Chapter 13
Field: Chapter 14
Field: Chapter 15
Field: Chapter 16
Field: Chapter 17
SCIENTIFIC REASONING
Article: Dienes (2008)
Article: Meltzoff (2018)
Article: Simmons, Nelson, & Simonsohn (2011)
Article: Nosek, Spies, & Motyl (2012)
The overall fit of a linear model is tested using the F-statistic. The F-statistic is used to test whether groups are significantly different and then specific model parameters (the bs) are used to show which groups are different.
The F-statistic gives an associated p-value as well. A p-value which is smaller than 0.05 (or any set
........Read moreCovariates are characteristics of the participants in an experiment. These are characteristics outside of the actual treatment. If a researcher wants to compare means of multiple groups using the additional predictors, the covariates, then the ANCOVA is used. Examples of covariates could be love for puppies, softness of puppy fur.
Covariates can be included in an
........Read moreFactorial designs are used when there are more than one independent variables. There are several factorial designs:
Repeated-measures refers to when the same entities (e.g. people) participate in all conditions of an experiment or provide data at multiple points of time.
One of the assumptions of the standard linear model is that residuals are independent, which is not true for repeated-measures designs. The residuals are affected by both between-participant factors and within-participant factors.
........Read moreMixed designs are a combination of repeated-measures and independent designs. It includes some independent variables that were measured using different entities and some independent variables that used repeated measures.
The most important assumptions of the mixed designs ANOVA are sphericity and homogeneity of variance.
A multivariate analysis is used when there is more than one dependent (outcome) variable. It is possible to use several F-tests when there are several dependent variables, but this inflates the type-I error rate. A MANOVA can detect whether groups differ along a combination of dimensions. MANOVA has a greater potential power to detect an effect.
A
........Read moreA falsifier of a theory is any potential observation statement that would contradict the theory. There are different degrees of falsifiability, as some theories require fewer data points to be falsified than others. In other words, simple theories should be preferred as these theories require fewer data points to be falsified. The greater the universality a theory, the
........Read morePeople can get more polarized opinions after they have read the same article if they started off with opposing beliefs. This can be due to misinterpreting the evidence (1), different motivation (2) or other cognitive malfunctions (3).
Psychologists need to be critical thinkers, because they want to know the field and want to keep up with
........Read moreA false positive refers to an incorrect rejection of the null hypothesis. The decisions a researcher can make during the research process is called the researcher degrees of freedom. Four common degrees of freedom are choosing sample size (1), using covariates (2), choosing among dependent variables (3) and reporting subsets of experimental conditions (4). The researcher degrees of
........Read moreThere is a publication bias in research. Mostly positive results – that is significant – are being published and non-significant results are often not published. This leads to researchers only trying to find significant results instead of genuine effects or non-effects.
Researchers are more likely to find significant results because of flexible analysis options (1), the
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