STEPS FOR PERFORMING A SIGNIFICANCE TEST
A hypothesis is a statement about the population. A significance test is a method for using data to summarize the evidence about a hypothesis. The null hypothesis (H0) is a statement that the parameter takes a particular value (e.g: probability of getting a baby girl: p = 0.482). The alternative hypothesis
CATEGORICAL RESPONSE: COMPARING TWO PROPORTIONS:
Bivariate methods is the general category of statistical methods used when we have two variables. The outcome variable on which comparisons are made is called the response variable. The binary variable that specifies the groups is the explanatory variable. In an independent sample, observations in one sample are independent from observations in
INDEPENDENCE AND DEPENDENCE (ASSOCIATION)
Conditional percentages refer to a sample data distribution, conditional on a category. They form the conditional distribution. If the probabilities for two different categorical variables are the same in the same category, then these variables are independent. If the probabilities for two different categorical variables differ, then these variables are dependent. Dependence refers
There are two historical examples of studies that violated several ethical criteria.
THREATS TO INTERNAL VALIDITY:
There are 12 threats to internal validity. Most of these threats can be prevented with a good experiment design and only occur in the so-called ‘really bad experiment’, also known as the one-group, pre-test/post-test design. The following twelve threats to internal validity exists:
EXPERIMENTS WITH TWO INDEPENDENT VARIABLES CAN SHOW INTERACTIONS
Experiments with more than one independent variable allows researchers to look for an interaction effect. This is an effect where the effect of the original independent variable depends on the level of another independent variable. If the two lines of the independent variables cross, there is a crossover interaction,
QUASI-EXPERIMENTS
A quasi-experiment differs from a true experiment in that the researchers do not have full experimental control. In quasi-experiments, researchers might not be able to randomly assign participants to one level or the other. They are assigned by other things (e.g: teachers, political regulations or nature).
A non-equivalent control group design is a quasi-experiment in
........Read moreTO BE IMPORTANT, A STUDY MUST BE REPLICATED
Replication gives a study credibility, and it is a crucial part of the scientific process. There are several types of replication:
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