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Summary political science
This was largely an introduction to the field with no real information that you should know for the exams.
Terminology
Analytical political theory: study of concepts, ideas and values who are used to describe and explain = conceptualizing
Political theory: a combination of analytical, empirical and normative theories
Normative political theory: How politics should be
Normative political science: The use of theories about how politics should be
Empirical
Facts
Describe and explain
observational analysis
Normative
Values
How it should be
prescribing and evaluation
Argumentational analysis
Lijphart:
Empirically descriptive:
The Netherlands is a segmented but stable state.
Empirically explanatory:
The Netherlands is stable because it has a consensus democracy
Normative prescribing:
Segmented states should become a consensus democracy
Normative evaluated:
Consensus democracy is better for stability than a competitive democracy.
Discussion about how a closed and final a theory is
How do we look to reality and how do we cope with it
Philosophy of Science: philosophical research to assumptions, methods and results of scientific research.
Meta-theory: About the core of reality
Ontology: What is? What is knowable
Epistemology: What ought to be? How can we know?
Methodology: How can it be researched?
Ontology
If a tree falls, and nobody sees or hears it, did it really fall down?
Theory about being
Is there a world outside of our experiences
Material sense (gravity), social sense (culture), perceptions and beliefs
Objectivism and constructivism
Epistemology
What can we know? theories of knowledge
What is knowledge? How do we receive knowledge of this world? Are there boundaries about what we can know?
Positivism, interpretivism, (critical) realism
Objectivism:
Objects are independent of our perceptions
The world exists even without our knowledge
Causality exists even without the human perception
Relativism:
Reality differs from person to person
Reality isn’t discovered but is made
The world doesn’t have meaning without our perception, but it exists.
Neutrality doesn't exist in research (You use your own language and have bias towards outcomes)
Scientific positivism
Scientists look objectively
Formulation of general rules that can predict outcomes.
Social laws are coherent to natural sciences.
Hermeneutic
To understand instead of explain. You have to interpret their vision and bias as well.
Double hermeneutic: you interpret the world including the knowledge you also have your own bias.
There is a social construct
Critical realism
There is a world that can be discovered
THe world is explainable and there are general laws which you can apply to it
Combinations of objectivism and constructivism
Behavioralism
Why do people behave the way they do
Why? (explanatory)
People (Individuals have the power over institutions)
Behavior (empirical and observable)
Consists of:
Ontology (objectivistic)
Epistemology (positivistic)
Methodology (privileges & quantitative methods)
A good theory consists of
The theory is on the inside coherent and consistent
outside of it it is still consistent
Consistent with observation and falsifiable.
Lakatos:
Not all assumptions have to be falsifiable. Not every assumption is able to be falsifiable.
Has the same question as focus as behaviorism:
"Why do people behave the way they do?"
Methodological individualism
Unitary actor assumption for collectives
The why is filled in by rational choice: The homo economicus chooses to their best interest.
Homos economicus
People base their choices on their own benefit
Assumption: own benefit and rationality
Homos economicus has interests:
Sees all options
No change in decisions
Transitive
traditional institutionalism: origins in law departments
Institutions: formal political arrangements: government organizations, constitutions, legal systems
looks like normative theories
Description
Qualitative
Traditional institutionalism: not concerned with defining their ontology. epistemology or methodology.
They were more busy defining law than explain
ontology: Naive foundationalism, there is a world outside of our mind
Epistemology: didn’t see itself as a science
Methodology: Qualitative but not systematic: not applying statistics
criticism of traditional institutionalism:
too much emphasis on formal rules and procedures (what about the people)
too holistic (what about the parts within)
Too much focus on government
Too static
Too descriptive
Lacking methodological rigor (where is the scientific method)
Not critical enough of themselves (lack of objectivism)
1950s Political science timeline: old institutionalism > Behaviouralism > Rational choice theory > New institutionalism 2000s
What were institutions to:
old institutionalists/behaviorists/rational choice scholars
Define ontology, epistemology, this is important, these are the assumptions
Behaviouralist: aggregations of individual actors’ roles, and learned responses. Aggregation as a pile in which it doesn’t matter where
Rational choice: Accumulation of individual choices based on rationality, self-interest and utility-maximizing preferences. Accumulation will add up and solve a collective action problem.
Old institutionalists: formal government organizations
New institutionalism:
Interaction between institutions creates a structure and individual agents
Interaction between institutions creates a structure and institutions agents
Sociaal constructivism
Material or social meaning
Giving interpretation and meaning to your surroundings. This forms your view of the word and not only causes it.
Behavior or reaction can be direct or indirect
Can an institution influence your behavior? It is not about causality, but the trigger that forms your behavior or reaction
Structure - Agency,
Are ideas, beliefs or interests exogenous of indogenous?
Antifoundationalism is also called constructivism
Founders of constructivism:
Max Weber
Emile Durkheim
Max Weber:
Protestants thought people had a worldly call to improve themselves.
Calvinists thought people had a fate and are doomed to it.
Iron Cage of Capitalism
Almond & Verba 1963
Behaviorist - positivist
Causale argumenten en correlaties
A post humean view of explanation
Any mechanism involving rational choice obviously makes claims about meanings and perceptions
Wendt distinguishes causal and constitutive arguments (Why versus how/what?)
Patriarchy: the world is formed by a male view.
Feminist: someone who shares a common concern with women's unequal positiom in society, calling into question power relations between women and men traditionally defended as natural
According to them, the unequal position is not naturally but mostly socially created.
Feminists want to uncover the unequal sides and change them.
Feminist waves
Wave 1: equal and legal constitutional rights
Wave 2: more attention to workplace, family equality, domestic violence and reproductive rights
Wave 3: critical of liberal feminism, draws attention to intersectionality, sex-positive
Women in politics:
Historically, women were excluded from politics
Just 15 HoS' and HoG's of 195 countries
Also underrepresented in the study and institutes
Feminist critiques in malestream politifal science
Fudging the footnotes (remarks without scientific data)
Assuming male dominance
Accepting masculinity as the political ideal
Explaining political behavior on unexamined stereotypes of the roles of women
Excluding what women have traditionally done from the definition and scope
The institutional turn
Studying representation (descriptive and substantive
Feminizing political parties
Marxism
Marx: capitalism = exploitation
"Marx argued that capitalism was a mode of production in which one class of people - the bourgeoisie or capitalist class - exploited another class of people - the proletariat or working class"
The drive for profit would lead to ever more extreme exploitation, until the alienated proletariat rise up in socialisy revolution
This requires class consciousness, created by factories which brought working class people together
Marx's materialism
The distribution of material power is starting point
The economic base consists of: the mode of production technologies and instruments, forces of production, and the social class relations which characterize the way in which goods are produced
The economic base determines the superstructure of culture, ideology and politics
But: the working class is the consumer, without consumers capitalism doesn't stand so there is interdependence.
Mensheviks vs Bolsheviks
Mensheviks: communism will win democratically
Bolsheviks: communism will need a revolution
We did a research cycle with one of the theories discussed earlier in the course. In our case behaviorism. The question was: what motivates people in the netherlands to protest against the decision of the supreme court in the United States about abortion?
We made a selection of questions which could have an influence on the main question. This wasn’t part of the things we needed to know for the course.
I have never followed this lecture so it lacks in my summary
Which method should I use?
Depends on topic/gap/research question
Depends on ontology and epistemology of theoretical approach
Depends on choices made at other stages
Depends on resources: time, money, manpower, skills
Types of data:
Data collection
Data analysis
Quantitative:
Counting stuff
Why, how much, how many?
Experimental vs observational
Data sources: attitudes, opinions, behaviors, content/text analysis, official statistics
Can numbers be quantified, are there enough/is it useful to use quantitative methods?
Qualitative:
Describing stuff using language
Why, what, how?
The focus of qualitative methods in political science is on detailed, text based answers that are often historical and or include personal observations and reflection from participants in political institutions, events, issues or processes.
Influence of geography: usa has way more quantitative research then any other western country.
Distinctive for qualitative: few cases or one case, causes of effects, instead of effects of causes in population
Depth over breadth
Core attributes of qualitative research:
Inductive analysis: exploratory instead of testing hypotheses
Holistic approach: understand a phenomenon
Data collection: detailed and depth, research design is adaptable
The divide:
Skills within one method
Sometimes mixed methods
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Summary Politics of the European Union
Goals:
History of european integration
Know how institutions work
The main theories of european integration
Be able to contextualize and analyze current events
Early 20th century
Treaty of versailles
League of nations
Ww2 caused:
Economic devastation
Political weakness
Divided continent
Failure of treaty of versailles is known
Exploration of new interstate relations
Change of political climate:
Combatting nationalism
New political map of Europe
New international power balance
Division of Germany
Change of the economic climate
Bretton woods monetary system:
IMF
World Bank
General agreement on tariffs and trade
European recovery program (marshall aid)
Differences between the western European states
All states joined for hard-headed national calculations always prevailed
European integration helped the nation state
Institutional developments
Organization for european economic cooperation > 1948
The council of Europe > 1949
NATO > 1949
The European coal and steel community > 1951
The European defense cooperation > western European union > 1954
European Economic Community > 1958
Organization for economic co-operation and development > 1961
The European coal and steel community
1950 Schuman Declaration
50 years duration
Ambition to create a free trade area
Coal and steel integrate: main resources for warmaking and industrialization
Common market makes it harder to build weapons
Institutions of the ECSC
High authority: nine members (prequel to european commission)
Summary political science
This was largely an introduction to the field with no real information that you should know for the exams.
Terminology
Analytical political theory: study of concepts, ideas and values who are used to describe and explain = conceptualizing
Political theory: a combination of analytical, empirical and normative theories
Normative political theory: How politics should be
Normative political science: The use of theories about how politics should be
Empirical
Facts
Describe and explain
observational analysis
Normative
Values
How it should be
prescribing and evaluation
Argumentational analysis
Lijphart:
Empirically descriptive:
The Netherlands is a segmented but stable state.
Empirically explanatory:
The Netherlands is stable because it has a consensus democracy
Normative prescribing:
Segmented states should become a consensus democracy
Normative evaluated:
Consensus democracy is better for stability than a competitive democracy.
Discussion about how a closed and final a theory is
How do we look to reality and how do we cope with it
Philosophy of Science: philosophical research to assumptions, methods and results of scientific research.
Meta-theory: About the core of reality
Ontology: What is? What is knowable
Epistemology: What ought to be? How can we know?
Methodology: How can it be researched?
Ontology
If a tree falls, and nobody sees or hears it, did it really fall down?
Theory about being
Is there a world outside of our experiences
Material sense (gravity), social sense (culture), perceptions and beliefs
Objectivism and constructivism
Epistemology
What can we know? theories of knowledge
Summary political science
This was largely an introduction to the field with no real information that you should know for the exams.
Terminology
Analytical political theory: study of concepts, ideas and values who are used to describe and explain = conceptualizing
Political theory: a combination of analytical, empirical and normative theories
Normative political theory: How politics should be
Normative political science: The use of theories about how politics should be
Empirical
Facts
Describe and explain
observational analysis
Normative
Values
How it should be
prescribing and evaluation
Argumentational analysis
Lijphart:
Empirically descriptive:
The Netherlands is a segmented but stable state.
Empirically explanatory:
The Netherlands is stable because it has a consensus democracy
Normative prescribing:
Segmented states should become a consensus democracy
Normative evaluated:
Consensus democracy is better for stability than a competitive democracy.
Discussion about how a closed and final a theory is
How do we look to reality and how do we cope with it
Philosophy of Science: philosophical research to assumptions, methods and results of scientific research.
Meta-theory: About the core of reality
Ontology: What is? What is knowable
Epistemology: What ought to be? How can we know?
Methodology: How can it be researched?
Ontology
If a tree falls, and nobody sees or hears it, did it really fall down?
Theory about being
Is there a world outside of our experiences
Material sense (gravity), social sense (culture), perceptions and beliefs
Objectivism and constructivism
Epistemology
What can we know? theories of knowledge
Deze Samenvatting bij Theory and Methods in Political Science van Marsh & Stoker is geschreven in 2014
Wat is de ‘natuur’ van de politieke wereld? Er zijn twee algemene benaderingen als antwoord op deze vraag. De eerste benadering definieert het studievlak door te verwijzen naar een arena of een bijzondere reeks van instituties. De tweede benadering van de politieke wereld ziet deze wereld als een sociaal proces dat op verschillende gebieden bekeken kan worden.
Zelfs politicologen zijn het onderling oneens over de vraag wat het kenobject, het discipline van hun studie is. Toch kunnen er wel algemene uitspraken gedaan worden over de betekenis van het begrip ‘politiek’ en het bestuderen ervan. Allereerst is vrijwel iedereen het erover eens dat politiek om macht draait. Politiek gaat niet alleen om het verkrijgen van de macht, maar vooral ook om het gebruik van die macht en de consequenties daarvan.
Er is al veel te doen geweest over de vraag of het bestuderen van politiek een wetenschap is of niet. De ‘minimalist approach’ stelt: politieke wetenschap is wetenschap in de zin dat het geordende informatie levert, gebaseerd op systematisch onderzoek.
Er is een grote verscheidenheid binnen de politieke wetenschap. Dit komt door het feit dat er veel verschillende benaderingen en manieren zijn om politieke wetenschap te bedrijven. De politieke wetenschap moet zichzelf niet zien als té verscheiden. Het is beter om bijvoorbeeld het beeld van een kerk te nemen: een brede kerk met verschillende startpunten en zaken waar men zich druk om maakt, maar er is een gedeeld gevoel van ‘verplichting’ om beter begrip van politiek te ontwikkelen.
Een van de belangrijkste aspecten van gedragsanalyse is de vraag waarom mensen zich gedragen zoals ze doen. Mede door deze vraag verschilt gedragsanalyse, ook wel het behaviourisme, van andere sociale studies. Een andere reden waarom het zo verschilt is vanwege de manier van onderzoek, die gaat volgens observatie en analyse en de waarde van het gedrag. Het is namelijk zo dat elke verklaring voor gedrag waardevol is en onderzocht moet worden. Dit onderzoek heeft zich op verschillende onderzoeksobjecten
.....read moreSamenvatting en collegeaantekeningen - Internationale Politiek Bachelor 1 - Universiteit Leiden
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