How does language develop? - ExamTest 6

Questions

Question 1

Which concept is defined by the following? The smallest units of meaning in a language, composed of one or more units.

1. Semantics.
2. Phonemes.
3. Morphemes.
4. Syntax.

Question 2

What is the second step in learning language?

1. The preparation for the production of speech by means of repetitive consonant-vowel sequences.
2. The perception of speech, by means of rhythm, tempo, cadence, melody, etc. 
3. The first words.
4. Categorical perception.

Question 3

A child says: "I getted that from my grandmother". 'Getted' consists of three ...

1. Phonemes.
2. Morphemes.
3. Syntaxes.
4. Modularities.

Question 4

What's the Importance of Infant Directed Talk?

1. It is critical to the child's language development.
2. It is critical to the child's attachment.
3. It is not necessary, but it increases the chance of secure attachment.
4. It is not necessary, but it is helpful for the language development of the child.

Question 5

What does someone specialized in the interactionist perspective on language development find interesting?

1. The ability to use the social environment of what the other says.
2. The components of language and grammar.
3. The (innate) mechanisms for language development.
4. The importance of non-verbal communication for language development.

Question 6

Language ... refers to the understanding of what others say; language ... refers to the process of speaking.

1. Comprehension; production.
2. Development; generativity.
3. Pragmatics; semantics.
4. Perception; distribution.

Question 7

Between 6 and 12 months of age, infants typiclaly experience a linguistic perceptual naarowing. What effect does this change have on their language development?

1. They become increasingly more sensitive to non-native speech sounds.
2. They focus more on the words they hear most frequently.
3. They become increasingly less sensitive to non-native speech sounds.
4. Their ability to distinguish between speech and other environmental sounds diminishes.

Question 8

Emily is given two pictures: one shows a flower, a word she already knows, and the other shows a unicorn, which is new to her. When asked to point to the "unicorn", Emily points to the unknown image, which is of unicorn. Which assumption is Emily making in order to learn this new word?

1. Social contexts.
2. Intentionality.
3. Mutual exclusivity.
4. Grammatical categorization.

Question 9

Which of the following statements is not true of infant-directed speech (IDS)?

1. The exaggerated tone and pitch of IDS is often accompanied by exaggerated facial expressions.
2. Infants tend to prefer infant-drected speech to adult-directed speech.
3. Evidence suggests that IDS is a universal practice across all cultures.
4. Infant-directed signing has similar attributes to infant-directed speech but in the visual modality.

Question 10

The tendency of specific sounds to frequently recur in a language is known as ...

1. Distributional properties.
2. Overregularization.
3. Synctactic bootstrapping.
4. Prosody.

Question 11

Six- to eight-month-old infants are better able to distinguish between phonemes spoken in a non-native language than are infants who are just a few years older. This phenomenon is explained by ... .

1. Prosody.
2. Perceptual narrowing.
3. Underextension.
4. Overextension.

Question 12

Preschoolers Ahmed and Max are talking together. Ahmed says that his father is old. Max says that he likes cars. Ahmed say that his father is probably more than 10 years old. Max says that he likes blue cars the best. According to Piaget, Ahmed and Max are engaging in ... .

1. Babbling.
2. Private speech.
3. Dual representation.
4. Collective monologues.

Question 13

Chomsky's proposition that humans are born with an understanding of the basic principles and rules that govern all language is knwon as ... .

1. Mutual exclusivity theory.
2. The behaviorist theory of language development.
3. Universal Grammar.
4. The connectionist model.

Question 14

..., a computational modelling approach that has been applied to language development, emphasizes the simultaneous activity of numerous interconnected processing units.

1. Generative theory.
2. The distributional perspective.
3. Dual representation theory.
4. Connectionism.

Question 15

Dual representaiton refers to one's ability to ... .

1. Communicate both verbally and nonverbally.
2. Understand a symbolic artifact as both a real object and as a symbol for something else.
3. Understand that a single word may have more that one meaning.
4. Distinguish between the words that someone uses and the intention behind those words.

Answers

Question 1

C. Phonemes are the elementary units of meaningful sound used to produce languages. Syntax are the rules in a language that specify how words from different categories can be combined. 

Question 2

A. This is also called babbling. B is the first step, C is the third step, D is the same step as B.

Question 3

B. 'Getted' consists of three morphemes.

Question 4

D. Infant Directed Talk is not necessary but can stimulate language development.

Question 5

A. The ability to use the social environment of what the other says.

Question 6

A. Language comprehension refers to the understanding of what others say; language production refers to the process of speaking.

Question 7

C. As a consequence of perceptual narrowing, children become increasingly less sensitive to non-native speech sounds.

Question 8

C. She uses the principle of mutual exclusivity.

Question 9

C. Evidence suggests that IDS is a universal practice across all cultures.

Question 10

A. distributional properties.

Question 11

B. perceptual narrowing.

Question 12

D. collective monologues.

Question 13

C. Universal Grammar.

Question 14

D. Connectionism is a computational modelling approach that has been applied to language development that emphasizes the simultaneous activity of numerous interconnected processing units

Question 15

B. Dual representaiton refers to one's ability to understand a symbolic artifact as both a real object and as a symbol for something else.