Sample Questions ARMS SHOP

1. What does an odds ratio of 1 mean? 

A. The odds can't be calculated.
B. The odds of one group are 1x bigger than the odds for the other group.
C. The odds are the same for both groups.
D. None of the above.

2. A researcher wants to check whether female students are more intelligent during their first study year than male students. Which part of the teacher's question reflects the O of a PICO question?

A. Intelligent
B. Female students
C. Male students
D. First study year

3. A researcher is interested in the relationship between gender and creativity. Among other things, the researcher receives the following output.

What are the odds that females are creative?

A. 1.50
B. 1.33
C. 3
D. 0.33

4. Which of the following statements is/are true?

I. “Performing a manipulation check increases the power of the study.”
II. “Performing a manipulation check increases the reliability of the research.”

A. Statement I is true
B. Statement II is true
C. Both statements are true
D. Both statements are false

5. In a article they compare the definitions of indoor tanning by men and women. The following is said in the artical about the sample they used: "One set of respondents (N = 97) were recruited at workshops on the prevention of indoor tanning in Wales and Scotland held by one of the authors".

What could be affected by the use of this sample?

A. Internal validity
B. External validity
C. A and B are both true.
D. A and B are both false.

6. Which validity is checked with the following statement: "Is the sample representative for the population?"

A. Internal validity
B. Construct validity
C. External validity
D. Statistical validity

7. A researcher performs a logistic regression analysis, predicting whether or not people vote using gender and age.
Based on the output, what is the correct interpretation of the effect of gender? (Male = 1, Female = 0)

A. The probability of males voting is 0.401.
B. The probability of males voting is 0.401x smaller than the probability of females recycling.
C. The odds of males voting are 0.401x smaller than the odds of females recycling.
D. The odds of males voting are 2.49x smaller than the odds of females recycling.

8. A researcher conducts an experiment with children to see whether experimentally manipulated depression influences intelligence. After the depression manipulation the researcher asks all participants to complete the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). He expects participants in the experimental condition to score higher on the CDI than participants in the control condition.

The researcher performs a regression analysis with CDI as dependent variable and condition as independent variable (0 = experimental, 1 = control).

What conclusion can the researcher draw based on the p-values?

A. The hypothesis is not confirmed, because the effect is not significant.
B. The hypothesis is not confirmed, because participants in the experimental condition score lower on the CDI than participants in the control condition.
C. The hypothesis is confirmed, because participants in the experimental condition score higher on the CDI than participants in the control condition.
D. On the basis of a regression analysis, the researcher cannot make any statements about her hypothesis.

9. What is not a part of a systematic review?

A. Systematic identification
B. Systematic hypothesis
C. Systematic evaluation
D. Systematicsynthesis

10. Using a logistic regression analysis, a researcher investigated whether singing (0 = no, 1 = yes) can be predicted on a background of musical school (musical; 0 = no, 1 = yes), gender (0 = female, 1 = male) and age.

Which variable(s) is/are significant predictors of singing?

A. Dancing
B. Gender and Age
C. All predictors
D. None of the predictors

Answers

1. C
An odds ratio of 1 means that there is no difference in odds for the groups, so there is no relationship.

2. A
The O is from Outcome and this is intelligence. 

3. C
The odds is Y/not Y, which is 45/15 = 3.

4. D
Performing a manipulation check does neither affect the reliability nor the power of the research.

5. C
Internal validity → The sample may be influenced through the given workshop, causing them to define bullying differently. This can be an alternative explanation that cannot be ruled out.
External validity → The results are difficult to generalize to other groups.

6. C
External validity is about the extent to which the result of a study can be generalized to the population. 

7. D
The odds ratio is .542, which is below 1 and that means that the conclusion is reversed. Instead of .542x bigger, you can say 1/.542=2.49x smaller. 

8. C
The p-value is below .05 which means that the result is significant. It is a negative value, so the control condition (1) scores below the experimental condition (0). 

9. B
A systematic review is a ‘systematic identification, evaluation and synthesis of all relevant studies on a specific topic, based on explicit, pre-specified and reproducible methods.

10. B
The CI's of gender and age do not include 1.