What is oncology?

Oncology is a branch of medicine dedicated to the study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cancer. It encompasses a vast array of knowledge and skills, aiming to combat this complex and ever-evolving disease.

What are the main features of oncology?

• Multidisciplinary Approach: Oncologists collaborate with specialists from various fields like radiology, surgery, pathology, and nursing to provide comprehensive cancer care.
• Rapidly Advancing: Cancer research is constantly evolving, leading to breakthroughs in diagnostics, treatment modalities, and personalized medicine approaches.
• Focus on Patient Care: Oncologists strive to provide not only effective treatment but also compassionate care, addressing the physical, emotional, and social needs of cancer patients.

What are important sub-areas in oncology?

• Medical Oncology: Utilizes medications like chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy to treat cancer.
• Surgical Oncology: Employs surgical procedures to remove cancerous tumors and surrounding tissues.
• Radiation Oncology: Harnesses radiation therapy to target and destroy cancer cells.
• Pediatric Oncology: Focuses on diagnosing and treating cancers in children, considering the unique challenges and considerations in this age group.
• Preventive Oncology: Aims to prevent cancer through strategies like lifestyle modifications, screening programs, and vaccination.

What are key concepts in oncology?

• Hallmarks of Cancer: These are the fundamental biological capabilities acquired by cells that allow cancer to develop and progress. They include uncontrolled cell growth, invasion of healthy tissues, and metastasis (spread of cancer to distant parts of the body).
• Cancer Staging: A system for classifying the extent of cancer spread, which influences treatment decisions and prognosis.
• Precision Oncology: A personalized approach to cancer treatment that tailors therapy to the specific genetic makeup of the tumor.
• Palliative Care: Focuses on improving the quality of life for patients with advanced cancer by managing pain and other symptoms.

Who are influential figures in oncology?

• Siddarth Mukherjee: A physician-scientist and author, known for his book "The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer" which chronicles the history of cancer research.
• Mary-Claire King: A geneticist who discovered the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, which significantly increased understanding of hereditary breast and ovarian cancers.
• Michael Houghton: Virologist who co-discovered the Hepatitis C virus, a major risk factor for liver cancer, paving the way for diagnosis and treatment advancements.

Why is oncology important?

• Global Health Challenge: Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, and its incidence is expected to rise. Oncology research is crucial for improving patient outcomes and reducing the disease burden.
• Constant Innovation: Cancer cells can mutate and evolve resistance to treatments. Oncology research is vital for developing new and effective therapeutic strategies.
• Improving Quality of Life: Oncology goes beyond curing cancer. It also focuses on improving the quality of life for patients and their families by managing symptoms and providing emotional support.

How is oncology applied in practice?

• Diagnosis: Oncologists utilize various tools like biopsies, imaging tests, and blood tests to diagnose cancer and determine its stage.
• Treatment Planning: Based on the type, stage, and genetic profile of the cancer, oncologists develop individualized treatment plans that may involve surgery, radiation therapy, medication, or a combination of these approaches.
• Monitoring and Follow-Up: Even after treatment, patients are closely monitored to detect any recurrence and manage potential long-term side effects.
• Clinical Trials: Oncologists play a vital role in conducting clinical trials to evaluate the safety and efficacy of new cancer treatments.