The disease model states that problems are symptoms of a small set of underlying disorders. This explains observable clinical symptoms by a small set of latent variables (e.g. depression). A network is a set of elements (nodes) connected through a set of relations. In network models, disorders are conceptualized as systems of causally connected symptoms rather than effects

The item response theory (latent trait theory) provides a way to model the probability that a person with X ability will be able to perform at level of Y. It models the probability that a person with X amount of a personality trait will exhibit Y amount of that trait on a test that is supposed to measure

Qualitative research refers to the collection and analysis of non-numerical data through a psychological lens in order to provide rich descriptions and possibly explanations of people’s meaning-making, how they make sense of the world and how they experience particular events.

Epistemology refers to the theory of knowledge regarding what we can know and how we can

Probabilities are long-run relative frequencies for the collective, rather than an individual. Probabilities do not apply to theories, as individual theories are not collectives. Therefore, the null hypothesis cannot be assigned a probability. A p-value does not indicate the probability of the null hypothesis being true.

Power or a p-value is not necessary in Bayesian statistics,

The problem of causality is difficult in developmental psychology, as many questions of that field regard factors that a person cannot be randomly assigned to (e.g. single parent family). Causal inference refers to the study and measurement of cause-and-effect relationships outside of random assignment.

In the current situation in developmental psychology, it is unclear among researchers

There are four procedures to present the implications of a correlation in terms of our ability to use the correlations to make successful predictions:

1. Binomial effect size display (dichotomous)
   This illustrates the practical consequences of using correlations to make decisions. It can show how many successful and unsuccessful predictions can be made on the basis

Good science requires statistical tools and informed judgement about what model to construct, what hypotheses to test and what tools to use.

There is no universal method of scientific inference, but, rather, a toolbox of useful scientific methods. Besides that, the danger of Bayesian statistics is that this will become a new universal method of statistics.

Simpson’s paradox states that the direction of an association at the population-level may be reversed within subgroups of that population. Inadequate attention to the Simpson’s paradox may lead to faulty inferences. The Simpson’s paradox can arise because of differences in proportions on subgroup levels compared to population levels. It also states that a pattern (association) does not need

One way of avoiding the null hypothesis testing ritual in science is to increase the precision of theories by casting them as formal models. Rituals can be characterized by a repetition of the same action (1), fixations on special features (2), anxieties about punishment for rule violation (3) and wishful thinking (4). The null hypothesis testing ritual is

Before the existence of the IAT, indirect measures of prejudice were developed in order to overcome response bias and psychologists began to examine automatic processes that may contribute to contemporary forms of prejudice. After the existence of the IAT, implicit prejudice became the same thing as widespread unconscious prejudices that are more difficult to spot and regularly infect

Confounding bias occurs when a variable influences both who is selected for the treatment and the outcome of the experiment. If a possible confounding variable is known, it is possible to control for the possible confounding variable. Researchers tend to control for all possible variables, which leaves the possibility of controlling for the thing you are trying to

A false positive refers to an incorrect rejection of the null hypothesis. The decisions a researcher can make during the research process is called the researcher degrees of freedom. Four common degrees of freedom are choosing sample size (1), using covariates (2), choosing among dependent variables (3) and reporting subsets of experimental conditions (4). The researcher degrees of

A theory is a concise statement about how we believe the world to be. There are several things to look at when evaluating theories:

1. Descriptive adequacy

Does the theory accord with the available data?

2. Precision and interpretability

Is the theory described in a sufficiently precise fashion that it is easy to interpret?

3. Coherence and consistency

Are

People do not reason logically, but decision making encompasses all human behaviour. Choices can be rational (internally consistent). People expect choices to show transitivity. If a relationship holds between item one and item two and between item two and item three then the relationship should also hold between item one and item three. Utility is the personal value