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Passive: Observation is passive insofar as it is presumed that when seeing, for example, we simply open and direct our eyes, let the information flow in, and record what is there to be seen.
Private: Since two observers do not have access to each other’s perceptions, there is no way they can enter into a dialogue about the validity of the facts they are presumed to establish.
Active: In the act of seeing we scan objects, move our heads to test for expected changes in the observed scene and so on.
Public: Micrographia (1665), for example, contains many detailed descriptions and drawings that resulted from Hooke’s actions and observations. These productions were and are public, not private. They can be checked, criticized and added to by others.
Objective: Example - Galileo proved that Jupiter had moons:
Observations suitable for constituting a basis for scientific knowledge are both objective and fallible:
Resources:
What is This Thing Called Science 4th Edition (CHALMERS)
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