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Nederlandstalige samenvattingen en studiehulp bij de 1e druk van het boek:
Engelstalige samenvattingen en studiehulp bij de 1e druk van het boek:
Introduction
Psychology is the science of the mind and behaviour.
The Mind consists of an individual’s sensations, perceptions, memories, dreams, thoughts, motives, feelings, and other subjective experiences, as well as the subconscious processes of knowledge. The mind controls the observable actions, behaviours of the individual.
The three fundamental ideas of psychology are:
Behaviour and thinking have measurable physical causes.
Thoughts, behaviour and emotions are gradually modified by environmental influences.
The body is a product of evolution by natural selection.
The Christian view of the human being consisted of two distinct but conjoined elements: the material body and the immaterial soul. This idea is called dualism.
Descartes concluded that the body was like a machine, capable of functioning on its own. The soul, therefore, must be responsible for all that differentiates the human being from the animal: specifically, human thought. He believed that the immaterial soul acts through the pineal body organ in the brain and sends information to the senses. This theory began to solidify the connection between body and mind, and suggest a physical source of behaviour.
Thomas Hobbes did away with the concept of dualism, arguing that nothing exists beyond matter and energy. This philosophy is called materialism. He concluded that conscious thought was a product of the mechanics of the brain, and subject to the laws of nature. This mode of thinking inspired empiricism.
Working upon the idea that the body and brain are like a machine, a great deal of research into human physiology was undertaken in the 19th century.
In 1822, François Magendie demonstrated that the spinal cord consists of two directional nerve systems – one bringing information to the brain and the other sending instructions out to the limbs. After this discovery, scientists began to learn more about reflexes, even suggesting that all behaviour (even voluntary) might occur through reflex. This philosophy is called reflexology. This idea inspired Ian Pavlov to begin his studies on reflexes and behaviour.
Deze samenvatting is gebaseerd op het studiejaar 2013-2014.
I: Met naturalistisch bedrog wordt de aanname bedoeld dat onze genen de controle hebben over ons gedrag en wij daar niets aan kunnen veranderen
II: De reciprociteit theorie gaat ervan uit dat gedrag dat altruïstisch lijkt, eigenlijk samenwerking op de lange termijn is
Deze samenvatting is gebaseerd op het studiejaar 2013-2014.
psychology psychologie | Wetenschap van de geest en het gedrag. |
behavior gedrag | Handelingen/gedragingen van een persoon of van een dier die men kan waarnemen. |
mind geest | Subjectieve ervaringen van een persoon zoals sensaties, waarnemingen, gedachten, dromen, beweegredenen en emotionele gevoelens. |
science wetenschap | Pogingen om antwoorden op bepaalde vragen te verkrijgen door de systematische verzameling en logische analyses van data welke objectief wordt geobserveerd. |
dualism dualisme | Zienswijze dat elk mens bestaat uit twee afzonderlijke maar samengevoegde delen: een materieel lichaam en een immateriële ziel. |
reflexes reflexen | Onvrijwillige reacties op bepaalde stimuli. |
materialism materialisme | Zienswijze dat de geest een betekenisloos concept is en dat er niets meer bestaat dan materie en energie. |
reflexology reflexologie | Zienswijze dat al het menselijk gedrag ontstaat door middel van reflexen. Zogenaamde vrijwillige handelingen zijn eigenlijk complexe reflexen waarbij de hogere hersendelen betrokken zijn. |
localization of function lokalisatie van functie | Specifieke delen van het brein dienen specifieke functies bij de productie van de mentale ervaring en gedrag. |
empiricism empirisme | Zienswijze dat menselijke kennis en gedachten voortkomen vanuit de waarneming zoals zien en horen. |
law of association by contiguity wet van associatie van nabijheid | Als een persoon twee gebeurtenissen in de omgeving (op hetzelfde moment of kort na elkaar) ervaart, worden die gebeurtenissen met elkaar geassocieerd in het brein, zodat later het denken aan de ene gebeurtenis automatisch leidt tot het denken aan de ander. |
nativism nativisme | Tegenovergestelde van empirisme, dat sommige kennis en regels aangeboren zijn en niet door middel van ervaring verkregen hoeven te worden. |
a priori knowledge a priori kennis | Kennis die |
Watching videos is - in my opinion - always a good supplement to old-school reading and writing.
This video is one example of a video regarding cognitive psychology (i.e. Memory). However, the channel has heaps and heaps of different videos regarding different topics.
Check it out!
In this bundle summaries, exam questions and lecture notes will be shared for the study Psychology, Bachelor 1, University of Amsterdam.
For more summaries and other study assistance as provided by JoHo, please check the Startup page Psychology: UvA Amsterdam - Summaries and study services
What is the relationship between empiricism and associationism?
Answer the following related questions:
Name three disadvantages of the introspective method.
What was the name of the counter-movement of introspectionism and what did it involve?
Name an important problem that the behaviorists encountered. How is this related to the concept of mental maps?
How are simulation programs within information processing approach used to better understand mental processes?
Answer the following related questions:
What does the connectionism involve?
Give an example of a learning rule within a connectionist network and describe how it works.
What is the opposite idea of modularity? In how far do both approaches differ?
Answer the following related questions:
What is the most used functional method in brain scans and how does it work?
Name an advantage and a disadvantage of this method.
Empiricists, such as Locke and Hume, believed that all knowledge came through experience. It was caused by associations that were formed between ideas and memories, whereby activation of a certain concept also activates another concept.
Answers:
Introspection required a lot of training. It could not be learned by anyone (for example, mentally challenged people or children) and only applied to certain mental processes. The introspective method itself possibly influenced the mental processes.
The counter-movement of introspectionism was behaviorism, in which only observable behaviors were considered without taking into account internal processes.
Behaviorism was not very applicable to complex mental phenomena such as reasoning, problem solving and language, as mental representations were not taken into account. That is why Tolman came up with the
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