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According to the World Health Organisation (2002), which of the following is not in the top five killer diseases?
Heart disease
Cirrhosis of the liver
Lung cancer
HIV infection
A key element of the biomedical model of illness is that:
There is a direct causal relationship between illness, its symptoms or underlying pathology.
There is a pathogenic process in all diseases.
Removal of pathogens will lead to restored health.
All of the above.
According to Peto and Lopez (1990), what percentage of deaths due to cancer may be attributable, in part, to our behaviour?
18 percent
50 percent
75 percent
45 percent
According to Katbamna, Bhakta & Parker (2000), Hindus and Sikhs frequently consider disability to be:
An accident of God
Punishment for sins an individual has committed in their past life
Punishment for past sins within the family
A result of genetic factors
Bowling and Iliffe (2006) describe 5 'models' of successful ageing. Which one is not one of their models?
Broader biochemical model
They are all models identified by Bowling and Iliffe
Psychological resources model
Social functioning model
Blaxter (1990) found that whilst people thought of health in different ways, ______ of those surveyed could not think of anyone that they would consider as being 'very healthy'.
45%
5%
30%
15%
The root word from which the word 'health' is derived is:
Wholeness
Heal
Happiness
Holistic
The biopsychosocial model of health:
Parallels the medical model
Denies the role of physical causes of illness
Broadens the medical model
Challenges the medical model
Why may Bauman's taxonomy of health be inaccurate?
The sample she used only included young adults.
The sample she used were diagnosed with serious illness.
The sample she used was very small.
All of the above.
According to Hippocrates, the 'humours' impacted on health status in what way?
They were linked to personality.
They were affected by seasonal change.
They were affected by dietary factors.
All of the above.
Marks (2002) suggested that four approaches to health psychology are developing in parallel. Which of the following is not one of these approaches?
Interventionist health psychology
Community health psychology
Public health psychology
Clinical health psychology
According to Bibace and Walsh (1980), which of the following is not a characteristic of children's thinking about health in the concrete operational stage?
Internalisation
Contagion
Contamination
They are all characteristic of children's thinking about health in the concrete operational stage
Chinese adults view health as a balance between:
Ying and Yang
Ying and Yan
Yin and Yan
Yin and Yang
There has been a marked increase in life expectancy. However, the 'top ten' causes of mortality in the industrialized world now includes many diseases that:
have no vaccination programmes
have a behavioural component
are attributable to poor living conditions
are infectious
Which of the following statements is incorrect in relation to cross-cultural perspectives on health?
Western culture is individualistic.
Western cultures can be described as 'naturalised'.
A holistic view of health is more prevalent in non-westernised cultures.
Culture impacts on lay theories, attitudes, and behaviour in regard to health.
B. Cirrhosis of the liver
D. All of the above
C. 75 percent
C. Punishment for past sins within the family
B. They are all models identified by Bowling and Iliffe
D. 5%
A. Wholeness
C. Broadens the medical model
B. The sample she used were diagnosed with serious illness
D. All of the above
A. Interventionist health psychology
B. Contagion
D. Yin and Yang
B. Have a behavioural component
B. Western cultures can be described as 'naturalised'
According to research reported by Ferrie et al. (2001), unemployment impacts on health as a result of:
Boredom leading to poor health behaviours
Lowered self-esteem
The stress associated with financial insecurity
All of the above
What is the relative risk of a woman dying prematurely of coronary heart disease in comparison to a man in the USA?
They have the same risk
A quarter
About half
Nearly double
According to Forwell (1993), as the gap between the rich and poor increases, the overall health of the population:
Deteriorates
Improves as a result of improved health in the middle classes
Is unchanged
None of the above
According to research by Scheffler et al. (2008), the influence of social capital on risk for an acute coronary event is limited to:
Middle class individuals
People who have no social support
People who live in low income areas
People who do not engage in unhealthy behaviours
Which of the following is not included in Karasek and Theorell's (1990) model of job strain?
Demands
Job autonomy
Social support
Effort-rewards imbalance
According to Wood et al. (2010), which of the following did not form a significant factor in their choice of family food?
The cost
Its healthiness
Whether it was 'filling'
All of the above
According to the Scottish Executive (1999), the percentage of people receiving surgical treatment (coronary artery bypass grafts) in different social groups were
Higher among people from the lower socio-economic groups - but not as high as the disease rate would require
Higher among men but not women in the higher social groups
Higher among people from the higher socio-economic groups
the same across all social groups
What factors contribute to the differences between health differentials between countries?
Population
Geography
Climate
Economics, environmental and social factors
Recent evidence suggests the role of stress hormones in the development of coronary heart disease. But why do men and women differ in the amount of stress hormones they experience in response to stress
The protective benefits of female sex hormones
The result of men experiencing more stressful experiences and experience more challenge
Fundamental physiological differences between men and women
They do not differ in their response
Which gender is most influenced by adverse socio-economic factors?
Women, because they are vulnerable to disrupted social networks and poor pay
Men, because they have to work more overtime to reduce the economic burden
Men, because they have poor social support
Both women and men equally
According to Siegrist, work-related stress is a function of
An imbalance between perceived effort and rewards
The demands of working in different occupational environments
Significant demands both at work and at home
The demands and coping abilities of individual workers
The Social Drift model suggests that
Health problems contribute to low socio-economic status (SES)
Low SES causes health problems
Low SES is associated with health problems
SES is not associated with health
According to Clarke and colleagues, blood pressure is particularly high amongst black American adolescents who experience __________.
Poverty
Racism
Racism and are unable to 'accept it'
Unemployment
Key determinants of health differences between people from ethnic minorities and the majority population are
The stress associated with racial discrimination and/or integration within wider society
The differences in access to health care
The association between minority status and low SES
All of the above
According to research by Lundberg et al. (1981), stress hormones of men and women did what when they came home from work?
Stress hormones levels reduces in both groups
Stress hormones levels rose, but only in men and women with large families
Both group's stress hormones levels remained unchanged
Men's stress hormone levels fell, while women's continued at the same level as at work
C. The stress associated with financial insecurity
C. About half
A. Deteriorates
C. Middle class individuals
D. Effort-rewards imbalance
B. Its healthiness
A. Higher among people from the lower socio-economic groups - but not as high as the disease rate would require
D. Economics, environmental and social factors
B. The result of men experiencing more stressful experiences and experience more challenge
A. Women, because they are vulnerable to disrupted social networks and poor pay
A. An imbalance between perceived effort and rewards
A. Health problems contribute to low socio-economic status (SES)
C. Racism and are unable to 'accept it'
D. All of the above
D. Men's stress hormone levels fell, while women's continued at the same level as at work
BMI stands for
Body Mass Index
Biological Mean Index
None of the above
Evidence suggests that the beneficial effects of Vitamin D might reduce the prevalence of what health problems?
Autoimmune disease
Cardiovascular disease
Prostate cancer
All of the above
The British Medical Association implicates what psychosocial problems most commonly with obesity?
Depression and low self-esteem
Low self-esteem and social isolation
Social isolation and anxiety
Anxiety and depression
Bryan et al and other research undertaken suggests that female sexual partners face additional barriers to using condoms, than those reported by males. Which of the following was not highlighted?
Reluctance to reduce their own pleasure
Difficulty/embarrassment in raising the issue
Anticipated male rejection
Lack of knowledge
Matarazzo provided a definition of health behaviour, what term did he give health-risk behaviours?
A bevioural immunogen
A behvioural immuniser
A behavioural pathogen
A health behavioural protector
The World Health Organisation identified ten leading risk factors for disease across the world. These included:
Obesity
Being underweight
Unprotected sexual intercourse
All of the above
Are reductions in fat intake more effective in helping people lose weight than general calorific control?
Yes
No, they are equally effective
No, they are less effective
Reductions in fat intake have no impact on weight
People engage in health behaviours for what reasons?
To maintain their health
To look good
To maintain or gain social attracts
All of the above
Serotonin not only appears to mediate mood, it is also responsible for:
Feelings of high self-efficacy
Low levels of activity
Feelings of satiety
Cravings for specific foods
According to the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyle, who are the most likely people to use condoms?
Young Christian men
Adults with a recent 'new' partner
Young people with a recent 'new' partner
Young people with a regular partner
Which of the following is NOT a key behavioural factor associated with health and longevity as part of the ‘Alameda seven’
Not eating between meals
Sleeping 7-8 hours per night
Eating breakfast
Daily sunscreen use
Obtaining valid measures of health behaviour can be problematic because:
It often relies on the memory of the individual
Asking people to record their behaviour could also lead them to alter their behaviour
It relies on self-report
All of the above
According to Doll et al. (2004), smoking cessation at age 30 leads to approximately __ life years gained.
5
7.5
10
12.5
Obesity is a major risk factor for which of the following conditions?
Osteoarthritis
Glaucoma
Rheumatoid arthritis
Type 1 diabetes
What is the world's favourite psychoactive substance?
Alcohol
Caffeine
Marijuana
Nicotine
B. Body Mass Index
D. All of the above
B. Low self-esteem and social isolation
A. Reluctance to reduce their own pleasure
C. A behavioural pathogen
D. All of the above
B. No, they are equally effective
D. All of the above
C. Feelings of satiety
C. Young people with a recent 'new' partner
D. Daily sunscreen use
D. All of the above
C. 10
A. Osteoarthritis
B. Caffeine
An intervention designed to increase the fruit and vegetable consumption of young people (Lowe et al. 2004) used exposure, modelling and reinforcement. Which psychological paradigm did they draw from?
Psychoanalysis
Learning theory
Behaviour modification
What was the outcome of the trial using vitamins C and E supplements for their potential in halting cognitive decline (Grodstein et al. 2003)?
There was no significant improvement in verbal fluency and short-term memory when vitamin C and E supplements were taken
Verbal fluency and short-term memory were improved when vitamin C supplements only were taken.
Verbal fluency and short-term memory were improved when both vitamin C and E supplements were taken in conjunction.
Verbal fluency and short-term memory were improved when vitamin E supplements only were taken.
Which of the following chemicals are not implicated in the psychological benefits of exercise?
Adrenaline
Serotonin
Natural opiates
Noradrenaline
Making a decision on the perceived pros and cons of genetic testing is sometimes referred to as
Utility maximation
Utility minimisation
Utility moderation
Utility maximisation
A small amount of _______ is introduced into the body during immunisation
Toxin
Pathogen
Antagonist
Antigen
Individuals with the early signs of bone disease will benefit from what type of exercise?
Increased weight bearing
Body and muscle building
Aerobic
Non-weight bearing
How much longer did the individuals who exercised at an equivalent of running twenty miles a week live according to Paffenbarger et al. (1986)?
6 months
1 year
2 years
5 years
What dimensions of non-adherence to medication were identified by Sabaté (2003)?
Condition-related factors
Socioeconomic factors
System-related factors
All of the above
Not all behaviour has a negative effect on our health and indeed can protect against illness. Which of the following describes that particular type of behaviour?
Behavioural immunogens
Behavioural antigens
Behavioural immune response
Behavioural immunostimulators
Exercise has been found to reduce an individual's risk of developing certain diseases. Which one of the following has it not been linked to?
Lung cancer
Type II diabetes
Obesity
Cardiovascular disease
According to Bennett and Smith (1992), what are the key influences on parental decisions about child vaccination?
Anxiety about the risks of vaccination and availability
Anxiety about risks and perceived benefits of vaccination
Potential side-effects and timing of vaccination
All of the above
In a recent large scale review and meta-analysis on fruit and vegetable consumption, Wang et al. (2014), reported…
Reduced all-cause mortality
Limited evidence of benefits for cancer risk
Lower cardiovascular disease risk
All of the above
Which of the following has been found to be associated with the uptake of screening and self-examination?
Age
Education
Self-efficacy
All of the above
Screening for disease detection is
Primary prevention
Based on the medical model
Based on the principal of susceptibility
All of the above
Primary prevention can provide personal _________ related to potential morbidity, which can be utilized to suggest placing preventative measures in place.
Risk potential
Risk rate
Risk score
Risk assessment
C. Learning theory
C. Verbal fluency and short-term memory were improved when both vitamin C and E supplements were taken in conjunction.
B. Serotonin
D. Utility maximisation
D. Antigen
A. Increased weight bearing
C. 2 years
D. All of the above
A. Behavioural immunogens
A. Lung cancer
B. Anxiety about risks and perceived benefits of vaccination
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
B. Based on the medical model
C. Risk score
Which of the following is not a criticism of the health belief model?
It does not consider how the various elements interact to predict behaviour
It overestimates the role of threat
It overlooks the role of disease severity
How can we best assess the utility of the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behaviour in predicting behaviour?
By employing longitudinal, prospective studies
By employing longitudinal, retrospective studies
By employing cross-sectional studies
By employing qualitative research methods
Which of the following is associated with unrealistic optimism?
The belief the problem will not develop
Lack of personal experience with an issue
The belief the problem is rare
All of the above
The volition phase of HAPA incorporates which Gollwitzer and Oettingen (2000) concept?
Implementation intentions
Contemplation stage
Preparation stage
Goal intentions
Which of the following is not in Eysenck's (1970, 1991) three-factor model of personality?
Psychoticism
Extroversion
Conscientiousness
Neuroticism
Attitudes consist of three related parts. What are they?
Influence, emotion and perception
Cognition, influence and emotion
Cognition, emotion and behaviour
Emotion, behaviour and influence
Which addition to the theory of reasoned action (included in the theory of planned behaviour) independently predicts health behaviour?
Attitude
Subjective norm
Behaviour intention
Perceived behavioural control
Which of the following is not a stage of change identified in the transtheoretical model?
Contemplation
Maintenance
Action
Disengagement
Schwarzer's (1992) health action process approach model (HAPA) attempts to fill the 'intention-behaviour gap' by
Highlighting the role of self-efficacy
Highlighting the role of action plans
Highlighting the role of both self-efficacy and action plans
None of the above
Which of the following is not a key predictor of behaviour in the health action process approach?
Perceptions of risk
Outcome expectancies
Self-efficacy
They are all important predictors of behaviour
Wallston et al. (1978) has described three dimensions of (multi-dimensional) health locus of control. These are
Powerful others, internal and self-efficacy
Internal, self-efficacy and external
Internal, external and powerful others
External, powerful others and self-efficacy
Which of the following is not a distal influence on health?
Socio-economic status
Gender
Attitude
Personality
What is crucial during the action stage of the transtheoretical model?
The availability of social support
Realistic goal setting
Optimism
Information seeking
In the context of health, unrealistic optimism is a form of
A positive attitude to risk
Biased risk perception
Post hoc reassurance following risky behaviour
None of the above
How do goal and implementation intentions differ?
They do not. They are the same thing but named by different researchers
Only goals are based on individual attitudes and social norms
Only implementation intentions include an attitudinal dimension
Implementation intentions involve planning, goals involve desired outcomes (motivation)
D. It overlooks the role of disease severity
A. By employing longitudinal, prospective studies
D. All of the above
A. Implementation intentions
C. Conscientiousness
C. Cognition, emotion and behaviour
D. Perceived behavioural control
D. Disengagement
C. Highlighting the role of both self-efficacy and action plans
A. Perceptions of risk
C. Internal, external and powerful others
C. Attitude
B. Realistic goal setting
B. Biased risk perception
D. Implementation intentions involve planning, goals involve desired outcomes (motivation)
Which of the following is not an environmental influence that should be considered when encouraging health behaviour change, according to the health belief model?
Cues to action
Minimising costs and barriers
Social norms
Increasing the costs of engaging in health damaging behaviour
According to the Protection Motivation Theory, which of the following is not relevant to health-related change
Self-efficacy in relation to change
Threat appraisal
Attitude towards the health behaviour
All of the above
Which technique in cognitive therapy is designed to question the core of an individual's beliefs?
Relapse prevention
Downward arrow
Homework tasks
Video intervention
The key goal of Egan's approach to counselling is to
Identify and change cognitive factors that prevent change
Teach skills necessary to achieve behavioural change
Provide a warm empathic therapeutic environment
Mobilise the individual's own resources to identify problems and arrive at strategies of solution
The NICE guidelines on behavioural change (NICE 2014) identified several ways of presenting information in order to increase the motivation of smokers to quit. Which of these is NOT a key messages to influence:
Financial costs
Subjective norms
Self-efficacy
Positive attitude
Which of the following is not a potential problem when an individual stops smoking?
Withdrawal symptoms
The loss of a powerful means of altering mood
The urge to smoke triggered by environmental cues
All of the above
Beck's Socratic method is also known as
Guided learning
Guided discovery
Empathic interaction
Empathic discussion
Protection Motivation theory suggests that we are most likely to take preventive action if any media programme
Arouses some degree of fear
Increases the sense of severity if no change is made
Emphasises the ability of the individual to prevent the feared outcome
All of the above
Fear arousing campaigns can be more effective if they
Maximise the negative aspects of the health behaviour
Show people how to reduce any health threat
Have experts explaining why a health threat exists
Use vivid imagery to maximise the effect
What are the three phases of Egan's (2013) problem solving approach?
Rolling with resistance, goal setting and facilitating action
Goal setting, facilitating action and problem exploration and clarification
Facilitating action, rolling with resistance and goal setting
Rolling with resistance, goal setting and problem exploration and clarification
“If it is 8 am on Friday, I will ride my bike to work” is an example of an implementation intention. Which one?
Initial reluctance
Missing opportunities
Stopping old habits
Failing to get started
"If you use sun cream you will reduce your risk of developing skin cancer" is an example of
A reality-based message
A positively framed message
A negatively framed message
An efficacy increasing message
Prochaska and di Clemente (1986) identified how many stages of change in their transtheoretical model?
4
5
6
7
Which of the following is not a stage in Prochaska and DiClemente’s stages of change model?
Behavioural engagement
Contemplation
Preparation
Pre-contemplation
Many problem-focused smoking cessation programmes teach clients
How to cope with cues to smoking
How to reduce the possibility of giving in to cravings should they occur
How to cope with any withdrawal symptoms
All of the above
C. Social norms
C. Attitude towards the health behaviour
B. Downward arrow
D. Mobilise the individual's own resources to identify problems and arrive at strategies of solution
A. Financial costs
D. All of the above
B. Guided discovery
D. All of the above
B. Show people how to reduce any health threat
B. Goal setting, facilitating action and problem exploration and clarification
D. Failing to get started
B. A positively framed message
B. 5
A. Behavioural engagement
D. All of the above
Early public health messages, such as the Grim Reaper campaign, in response to the development of AIDS and HIV were ineffective (Rigby, Brown, et al. 1989). Why was this so?
They heightened AIDS-related anxiety
They did not provide any information about the disease
They did not provide any information about appropriate behaviour change
All the above
Which of the following approaches was used by Steptoe et al. (1999) to provide a beneficial adjunct to problem-focused counselling?
Motivational interviewing
Cognitive therapy
Training in skills to achieve behavioural change
Insight-oriented therapy
Merzel and D'Affliti (2003) contended that HIV/AIDS prevention programmes were more effective than those targeted at CHD. Why might this be the case?
The potentially negative effects of sexual behaviours are more catastrophic and one-off than CHD-related behaviours.
Sexual behaviours are easier to change than CHD-related behaviours.
HIV programmes use the media more effectively.
None of the above
In December 2012, Australia introduced drab olive green packaging on cigarettes with large graphic health warnings. Brose et al (2014) found
No effect on the purchase of cigarettes
Less likely to motivate the purchase of cigarettes
Were inconclusive
More likely to motivate the purchase of cigarettes
One increasingly popular intervention in schools is known as
Student-based learning
Student support
Student-oriented education
Peer intervention
Countries such as Sweden that have recently had to make the purchase of alcohol easier have experienced
An increase in alcohol sales
A reduction in binge drinking
An increase in binge drinking
No change in alcohol sales
Been et al. (2014) reviewed eleven recent studies of the effects of second-hand smoke exposure by children, and found benefits directly attributable to smoke free legislation. Select their findings below.
Reduced premature births
Reduces low birth weight in children
Lower levels of asthma
All of the above
The OXCHECK study group was a screening programme targeted at health behaviour. On which disease did they focus?
Obesity
Cervical disease
Arthritis
Coronary heart disease
Why may there have been a recent downturn in the use of needle exchange schemes and safer sex in some areas?
The belief that AIDS can be cured
The low profile of HIV and AIDS
A and B
None of the above
The mass media has been used to influence behavior in many different ways. Which of these has been used previously?
Arousing fear
Targeted specific audience
Framing information in a positive manner
All of the above
What was the target of the Stanford three towns project?
Hypertension
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
Obesity
HIV and AIDS
According to Quentin et al. (2007), how effective have total bans been on the advertising of tobacco products?
Just over half the bans have resulted in reductions in smoking.
80% have resulted in reductions in smoking.
27% have resulted in reductions in smoking.
They have had no effect on smoking.
Skov-Ettrup et al. (2014) examined the uptake of a Danish smoking cessation intervention. Which approach was the most accessed intervention?
An internet-based smoking cessation program
‘Reactive’ telephone counselling
‘Proactive’ telephone counselling
A self-help booklet
Population based interventions to reduce CHD since the Stanford Three Towns Project have
Achieved about the same level of effectiveness as the Stanford intervention.
Been more effective in changing women's behaviour than men's.
Improved in their effectiveness due to the use of new technologies.
Been less successful than the Stanford Project.
Which of the following is not a common screening programme?
Behavioural risk of disease
Genetic risk of disease
Early detection of disease or its precursors
None of the above
D. All the above
A. Motivational interviewing
A. The potentially negative effects of sexual behaviours are more catastrophic and one-off than CHD-related behaviours.
B. Less likely to motivate the purchase of cigarettes
D. Peer intervention
A. An increase in alcohol sales
D. All of the above
D. Coronary heart disease
C. A and B
C. Framing information in a positive manner
B. Coronary heart disease (CHD)
A. Just over half the bans have resulted in reductions in smoking.
D. A self-help booklet
D. Been less successful than the Stanford Project.
D. None of the above
According to Rao et al. (2013), recent developments in treatment for HIV herald the promise of what:
Lower risk of progression to AIDS
Simpler drug regimes
Better adherence to medication
All of the above
Activity in the digestive system is partly controlled by a complex local nervous system, known as the
Parasympathetic nervous system
Automatic nervous system
Enteric nervous system
Sympathic nervous system
The rate of breathing is controlled by respiratory centres in the
Cerebellum
Thalamus
Brainstem
Cortex
Multiple sclerosis
Can affect any part of the nervous system
Can be effectively treated with beta blockers
Always end in the death of the person with the condition
Is a progressive and predictable disease
High sympathetic activity is known as the
Fear response
Adrenaline rush
Fight-flight response
Fear response
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) contains
Phagocytes
T-cells
Macrophages
An antibody
The role of the parasympathetic nervous system is often known as the
Adrenaline response
Noradrenaline response
Fight-flight response
Rest-recover response
The lymph nodes are part of the immune system. Which of the following is not a lymph node?
Cilia
Peyer's patches
Appendix
Tonsils
Select the answer that correctly fills in the blanks below. Healthy levels of blood pressure are a systolic blood pressure of below ______ and a diastolic blood pressure of below ______.
120-130; 80
120-130; 90
130-140; 80
130-140; 90
Which of the following are not lymphocytes?
Memory B cells
Macrophages
Cytotoxic T cells
Plasma B cells
Which part of the limbic system links sensory information to emotionally relevant behaviour, particularly in response to fear and anger?
Fornix
Thalamus
Amygdala
Hippocampus
To have a diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) you must have which symptoms?
Loss of appetite; unintentional weight loss; boils and fistulas
Abdominal pain; changes in bowel movements-faeces may vary between solid and watery; periods of mild fever, sometimes with blood in the stools, and pain in the lower right abdomen
Pain, relieved by defaecation; pain associated with a change in the frequency of bowel movements; change in the form of the stool (loose, watery, or pellet-like).
About four stools daily, with or without blood; mild abdominal pain or cramping.
Low-density lipoproteins
Transport excess or unused cholesterol from the tissues back to the liver.
Transport cholesterol to the various tissues and body cells.
Break down cholesterol into its constituent parts.
Facilitate the laying down of cholesterol on the artery walls.
Phagocytes
Attack the nervous system, resulting in auto-immune disease.
Release chemicals that destroy antigens.
Adhere to and then engulf antigens.
Control the action of lymphocytes.
Angina pectoris is a condition in which
The individual experiences chest pain that can be relieved by the use of betablockers
The individual experiences chest pain that requires defibrillation
The individual experiences chest pain that is relieved by the use of vasoconstrictors.
The individual experiences chest that is indicative of the early signs of a heart attack.
D. All of the above
C. Enteric nervous system
C. Brainstem
A. Can affect any part of the nervous system
C. Fight-flight response
D. An antibody
D. Rest-recover response
A. Cilia
D. 130-140; 90
B. Macrophages
C. Amygdala
C. Pain, relieved by defaecation; pain associated with a change in the frequency of bowel movements; change in the form of the stool (loose, watery, or pellet-like).
A. Transport excess or unused cholesterol from the tissues back to the liver.
C. Adhere to and then engulf antigens.
A. The individual experiences chest pain that can be relieved by the use of betablockers
According to Cassell (1976) what does the word ‘illness’ denote
An experience of a set of symptoms
A physical disorder with a set of symptoms
The presence of a disease
None of the above
According to Cacioppo et al. (1989), people with serious illness…
Find it difficult to ‘accept’ their often poor prognosis
Are able to detect the severity of the illness early in its course
Usually consider less serious diagnoses before accepting more serious diagnoses
Tend to use passive coping mechanisms to control their anxiety
What are the dimensions in the IPQ-R not identified in the original IPQ?
Emotional representation and illness coherence
Personal responsibility and illness coherence
Illness coherence and seriousness
Emotional responsibility and changeability
Which of the following is not a stage in Shafer’s model of delay behaviour?
Illness delay
Utilisation delay
Appraisal delay
Behavioural delay
“Because I am ill, I cannot go to the gym today” is an example of which of Leventhal’s illness representation:
Cause
Timeline
Consequences
Controllability
Publicised outbreaks of Ebola and swine flu lead to:
Increased symptom perception
Increased healthcare visits
Both A and B
None of the above
The identification of treatment representations (Horne and Weinman 1998) highlights perceptions of medicine as being
Harmful and addictive
Disruptive
Restorative
All of the above
Cioffi's (1991) model of the processes of interpreting physical signs and their attribution as symptoms is known as the…
Attentional model
Cognitive-perceptual model
Delay behavioural model
Common-sense model
People who exhibit type A behaviour are… than Type B individuals
Less likely to perceive symptoms
Less likely to report symptoms
More likely to report symptoms
More likely to perceive symptoms
Which age group is more likely to present at the doctor, regardless of symptom severity?
The elderly
Adolescents
The middle aged
The very young
According to Radley (1994), what is the distinction between a 'bodily sign' and 'symptoms of illness'?
Symptoms fit a disease prototype
Recognition of a physiological cause of symptoms
The process of interpreting signs as symptoms of illness
Signs are external evidence of disease
A disease prototype is:
A set of diagnostic criteria used in treatment of disease
A model of the symptoms of an illness held in memory
A set of diagnostic criteria used by doctors to aid diagnosis
None of the above
Which of the following emotional responses has not been highlighted by research as an explanation of 'delay behaviour'?
Denial
Elation
Anxiety
Fear
Horne and Weinman (1999) extended which model to include 'treatment beliefs' in order to explain delay behaviour?
Self-regulation model
Health belief model
Delay behaviour model
Stages of change model
What types of decision-making stages are described in Safer’s model of delay behaviour?
Delay in changing health risk behaviours before disease onset
Delay in behavioural change following disease onset
Delay in seeking medical help for symptoms
None of the above
A. An experience of a set of symptoms
C. Usually consider less serious diagnoses before accepting more serious diagnoses
A. Emotional representation and illness coherence
D. Behavioural delay
C. Consequences
C. Both A and B
D. All of the above
B. Cognitive-perceptual model
A. Less likely to perceive symptoms
A. The elderly
C. The process of interpreting signs as symptoms of illness
B. A model of the symptoms of an illness held in memory
B. Elation
A. Self-regulation model
C. Delay in seeking medical help for symptoms
A consultation involves both patient and health professional. Which of the following is not a component of a professional-centred approach?
The health professional keeps control over the interview
The patient accepts any decisions made
Discussion between doctor and patient
The doctor asks questions to gain information
Which of the following did Baile et al. (2000) not identify in his six-step protocol for breaking bad news?
Find out what the patient knows
Respond to the patient's feelings
Tell the family
Start with a warning slot
Consultations with non-indigenous patients (immigrants etc) with good command over the native language tend to be __________ than those with indigenous patients
More focused on emotional problems
Longer
More contentious
Shorter
According to Horne, the illness beliefs that influence adherence to medication include
Its severity, contagiousness and likely prognosis
Its severity, time frame and likely prognosis
Its time frame, prognosis and treatment side effects
Its contagiousness, time frame and treatability
According to Abramsky and Fletcher (2002), which description of their potential condition did patients undergoing genetic screening find worrying?
Disorder
Rare
Syndrome
All the above
According to Clayton et al. (2007), what were the advantages of giving a prompt sheet to patients with advanced cancer prior to a key consultation?
The found the consultation less stressful
They spent the same amount of time with the doctor, but found the consultation more useful
They asked more than twice as many questions as patients in a control group
All of the above
Schofield et al. (2003) found factors in the bad news consultation that were associated with patients' subsequent adjustment to their condition. A good adjustment was not predicted when
The bad news was broken by an empathic female doctor.
The health professional prepared the patients for their diagnosis.
There was a supportive person in the room when the bad news was given.
The health professional allowed talking about the patients' feelings.
What factors may inhibit the development of 'active partnerships' between health professionals and patients advocated by the National Health Service?
Patients often prefer to leave treatment decisions to health professionals
Differences in knowledge about the health issue
Power differentials between high status doctors and patients
All of the above
According to Elstein and Schwarz (2002), what are potential strategies used by doctors in diagnostic decisions?
Hypothesis testing, pattern recognition, opinion revision
Hypothesis testing, pattern recognition, test-retest
Hypothesis testing, Cost-benefit analysis, opinion revision
Prototype comparison, Cost-benefit analysis, opinion revision
According to Elstein and Schwarz (2002), factors that influence doctors' diagnoses include
Its 'availability' - the frequency with which the disease is presented in the media.
Its frequency of occurrence within the population.
The potential 'pay off' of treating a particular condition.
All of the above
According to Ford et al. (2003), which of the following is not an important factor in a ‘good’ medical consultation?
Gaining an understanding of the problem and its ramifications
Always achieving an appropriate diagnosis
Managing time so that it does not appear rushed
Engaging the patient in the decision making process
The ‘S’s of the SPIKES model of ‘Breaking Bad News’ stand for:
‘Sitting the patient down’ and ‘Strategy and summary’
‘Setting up the interview’ and ‘Strategy and summary’
‘Setting up the interview’ and ‘Suspending medical jargon’
‘Sitting the patient down’ and ‘Suspending medical jargon’
In the USA, ethnic differences in the provision of health care are frequently
Due to people from minority ethnic groups presenting with more serious disease.
Due to differences in individuals' ability to pay.
Due to the differences in presentation of the disease.
None of the above
How important are cross-cultural factors in influencing adherence to HAART medication?
Levels of adherence to medication are lowest on the African continent
They do not appear to influence adherence to HAART
People from ethnic minorities tend to be less adherent than those from the majority population
People from ethnic minorities tend to be more adherent than those from the majority population
According to Berenbaum & Latimer-Cheung (2014), ______ framed communication about exercise was most influential in a group of women on outcomes as diverse as recall, attitudes, intentions, and actual behaviour.
Positive
Negative
Both
Neither
C. Discussion between doctor and patient
C. Tell the family
D. Shorter
B. Its severity, time frame and likely prognosis
D. All the above
C. They asked more than twice as many questions as patients in a control group
A. The bad news was broken by an empathic female doctor.
D. All of the above
A. Hypothesis testing, pattern recognition, opinion revision
D. All of the above
B. Always achieving an appropriate diagnosis
B. ‘Setting up the interview’ and ‘Strategy and summary’
D. None of the above
B. They do not appear to influence adherence to HAART
A. Positive
Kanner (1981) found that gender played a role in psychological symptoms following 'hassles' and 'uplifts'. Which one of the following is correct?
Men experience psychological symptoms after both hassles and uplifts.
Men experience psychological symptoms after hassles only.
Women experience psychological symptoms after hassles only.
Women experience psychological symptoms after both hassles and uplifts.
According to Lazarus, which appraisal types are the emotions of sadness and depression associated with?
Loss/harm
Challenge
Threat
None of the above
“Burn-out” is similar to the final stage of which syndrome?
Chronic fatigue
Conservation of resources
Person-environment fit
General adaptation
What hormone is released by the adrenal cortex at times of stress?
Acetylcholine
Adrenaline
Cortisol
Noradrenaline
The 2014 American Psychological Association annual survey of Stress in America (APA 2015) revealed the percentages of men and women reporting stressful thoughts interfering with their sleep. What were they?
25% of men; 35% of women
35% of men; 25% of women
65% of men; 75% of women
75% of men; 65% of women
In what way/ways may stress contribute to coronary heart disease?
Via inflammatory processes involving proinflammatory cytokines
Via the release of fatty acids into the blood stream
Via hypertension
All of the above
What is the role of stress in relation to irritable bowel syndrome?
It causes the onset of the disorder
It contributes to day to day symptoms
There is no relation between stress and irritable bowel syndrome
Both A and B
In Lazarus' (1984) early transactional model of stress, what follows primary appraisal?
Assessment of one’s coping potential
A coping effort
A behavioural response
An emotional response
According to Hobfoll (1991), the quantification of resources and their depletion fits in with evidence regarding ______, which is/are associated with illness independent of the individual's appraisals.
unemployment
economic deprivation
poverty
All of the above
What impact does cortisol have when released into the body?
Inhibits inflammation of damaged tissue
Inhibits the action of phagocytes
Inhibits glucose and fat uptake by tissue cells
All of the above
According to Morrison and Bennett, what are some of the limitations of the 'life events approach' to stress and illness?
Prospective research, age-inappropriate items and no allowance for stressors being counteracted
Retrospective research, age-inappropriate items, assumption that people will equally rank the stress of each event
Prospective research, age-inappropriate items and consideration of some life events not being stressful
Retrospective research, age-inappropriate items, poor recall of stressors
Which of the following is not a coping appraisal identified by Smith and Lazarus
Emotion-focused coping potential
Two and three only
Problem-focused coping potential
Self-efficacy judgments
What is generally considered to be the role of stress in the development of cancer?
It is not associated with any aspect of cancer
It appears to play a role in some cancers initial development and progression.
It is probably not involved in the initial development of cancer, but may affect its progression
It has a role in the development of cancer, but not its progression
Stress as a response can be measured using physical and physiological indices, such as
blood pressure
salivary secretory immunoglobulins
galvanic skin response
All of the above
According to Lazarus appraisal processes, “Maybe I can manage this if I revise really hard” is an example of __________________ .
Challenge + possible internal resources = less stress
Threat + limited internal resources = stress
Threat + no resources = stress
Challenge + external resources = less stress
D. Women experience psychological symptoms after both hassles and uplifts.
A. Loss/harm
D. General adaptation
C. Cortisol
A. 25% of men; 35% of women
D. All of the above
B. It contributes to day to day symptoms
A. Assessment of one’s coping potential
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
B. Retrospective research, age-inappropriate items, assumption that people will equally rank the stress of each event
D. Self-efficacy judgments
C. It is probably not involved in the initial development of cancer, but may affect its progression
D. All of the above
A. Challenge + possible internal resources = less stress
Cohen and Lazarus (1979) described five main coping functions, each of which contributes to successful adaptation to a stressor. Which of the following did they not identify?
Tolerating or adjusting to negative events
Reducing harmful external conditions
Gaining support in repsonse to the stressor
Maintaining a positive self-image
In what way/ways can personality impact on illness?
Personality may promote unhealthy behaviour
Personality may play a role in illness progression
Personality is in some cases predictive of illness
All of the above
Kobasa (1979) described a concept of 'hardiness' and found it to buffer people against the negative effects of stress. Hardiness consisted of which components?
Perceived control, a sense of commitment and view change as challenge
Type A characteristics, optimism and a sense of commitment
Optimism, perceived support and view change as challenge
Perceived susceptibility, high self efficacy and self confidence
Internal locus of control is commonly associated with what type of coping?
Blunting
Emotion-focused coping
Problem-focused coping
None of the above
Breast cancer patients who reported good social support were found to have lower levels of what in the morning (Turner-Cobb et al. 2000)?
Prolactin
Cortisol
Endorphins
Neuroendocrine
What are the main types of social support?
Emotional, circumstantial, instrumental informational and network
Behavioural, esteem, instrumental, informational and network
Emotional, esteem, intangible, informational and network
Emotional, esteem, instrumental, informational and network
There are two theories which may explain the benefits of social support. What are they?
Direct effects hypothesis and buffering hypothesis
Direct impact hypothesis and buffering hypothesis
Direct effect hypothesis and bumper hypothesis
Direct impact hypothesis and cushion hypothesis
Endler et al. (1998) assess across three dimensions. Which of these includes behaviours including distraction and social diversion?
Emotion oriented
Task oriented
Avoidance oriented
All of the above
Other than neuroticism, what other construct or pervasive trait plays a central role in the stress-health relationship?
Conscientiousness
Extroversion
Openness
Negative affectivity
Control can reduce the stressfulness of an event by altering appraisal, emotion or by influencing the coping response adopted. According to Morrison and Bennett, what types of control are there?
Retrospective, emotional, behavioural, decisional and informational
Retrospective, cognitive, behavioural, decisional and informational
Emotional, cognitive, behavioural, decisional and informational
Retrospective, cognitive, behavioural, decisional and emotional
Which of the following is not a coping strategy that could be used to reduce the threat of examinations?
Revision
Buying the books needed for revision
Going out with friends to forget about the exam
All of the above
According to Semmer (2006), what is/are the most frequent coping responses used by neurotic individuals?
Emotion-focused
Maladaptive
Problem-focused
Vogt et al. (1992) found that a lack of social networks strongly predicted mortality in which disease(s)?
Ischemic heart disease
Stroke
Cancer
All of the above
Which personality type is likely to show greater physiological reactivity?
Type A
Type B
Type C
None of the above
A recent review of monitoring and blunting amongst those at risk of, or diagnosed with cancer, found:
Neurotic, stoic, withdrawn
Monitors experiences lower information satisfaction
High neuroticism, cooperation, introversion and emotional expression
Stoic, neurotic, passive
C. Gaining support in repsonse to the stressor
D. All of the above
A. Perceived control, a sense of commitment and view change as challenge
C. Problem-focused coping
B. Cortisol
D. Emotional, esteem, instrumental, informational and network
A. Direct effects hypothesis and buffering hypothesis
C. Avoidance oriented
D. Negative affectivity
B. Retrospective, cognitive, behavioural, decisional and informational
D. All of the above
D. Only A and B
D. All of the above
A. Type A
B. Monitors experiences lower information satisfaction
The sources of stress for hospital workers reported by Bennett and Morrison can be split into three-professional issues, patient issues and work issues. Which of the following did they find as a professional issue?
Distressed patient or relatives
Shift work
Complaints made against staff
Working beyond knowlegde level
A tension diary is
A way to indentify triggers for stress
A means of recording the level of physical tension
Often used as a prelude to cognitive and behavioural interventions
All of the above
What are the primary sorts of information provided to patients prior to surgery as an attempt to reduce their anxiety?
Procedural and sensory information
Procedural and operative information
Procedural information alone
Operative and sensory information
Montano, Hoven and Siegrist (2014) conducted a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of interventions designed to improve the health of workers, addressing which outcomes?
Musculo-skeletal measures
Physical health
Mental health
All of the above
What is the core stress management skill taught virtually on all stress management courses?
Meditation
Relaxation
Cognitive restructuring
Stress trigger identification and reduction
Stress is
A negative emotional and physiological state, linked to cognitive processes
High levels of physiological arousal
A cognitive response to things that happen to us
Synonymous with anxiety
According to ACT therapists, attempts at controlling emotional thoughts are:
Mahoney
Ellis
Only beneficial if core cognitive processes are addressed
Central to the therapeutic approach
Price (1988) found that type A behaviour in men was attributable to the underlying schemata of
Low self-esteem and need to gain the esteem of others
Low self-esteem and hostile thought
Hostile thoughts and gaining the esteem of others
Low self-esteem and disregarding the esteem of others
According to Wells (2000), emotional distress arises from:
Inappropriate beliefs about one's ability to cope
Appraisal of a disjuntion between an actual and desired state
Deficits in coping responses
None of the above
Which of these is not an element of Egan’s counseling approach?
Teaching relaxation response in response to stress
Rehearsal of new behaviours
Identification of cognitions associated with stress
None of the above
Select the answer that correctly fills in the blank below. Work-related stress, depression or anxiety accounts for an estimated ______ lost working days per year in Britain.
9.5 million
11.5 million
13.5 million
15.5 million
Which of the following is not a key question during the Socratic Method of cognitive structuring?
What evidence is there that supports or denies my assumptions
Is my behaviour appropriate to the circumstances?
Could I be making a mistake in the way I am thinking?
Are there any other ways I can think about this situation?
The cognitive behavioural models of distress developed by Beck and Ellis suggest that feelings of distress result from
Accurate appraisal of stressful situations
Misinterpretations of environmental events or thoughts that exaggerate the negative elements within them
A conditioned respronse to previously upsetting situations
All of the above
Sensory information that may be given to people to help them cope with surgery includes:
An explanation that the person may feel some pain after their operation
An explanation of how the recovery room will look like when after the operation
An explanation that the person will have a drip in his/her arm after the operation
None of the above
According to Beck, surface cognitions include:
Thought-action fusion
Thought-behaviour fusion
Action-emotion fusion
Catastrophic thinking
D. Working beyond knowlegde level
D. All of the above
A. Procedural and sensory information
D. All of the above
B. Relaxation
A. A negative emotional and physiological state, linked to cognitive processes
C. Only beneficial if core cognitive processes are addressed
A. Low self-esteem and need to gain the esteem of others
B. Appraisal of a disjuntion between an actual and desired state
D. None of the above
C. 13.5 million
B. Is my behaviour appropriate to the circumstances?
B. Misinterpretations of environmental events or thoughts that exaggerate the negative elements within them
A. An explanation that the person may feel some pain after their operation
D. Catastrophic thinking
Which of the following is not a domain measured in the WHOQOL-100?
Social relationships
Physical health
Level of independence
Employment
A study with stroke patients aged from 32 to 90 years (Carod-Artal et al. 2000) found that age was not a predictor of Qol. Which of the following factors did they find to be more important to Qol?
Physical disability, depressed mood and age
Physical disability, depressed mood and gender
Social isolation, depressed mood and gender
Physical disability, social isolation and gender
When may avoidant coping be beneficial to Qol?
In situations where the person becomes frustrated
In situations where the person cannot exert control
In situations where the person can exert efficacy
In situations hwere the person can exert control
What is the main advantage of employing a generic measure of Qol?
It allows comparisons of Qol across different diseases
It does not address health issues
It allows for comparisons within a disease
None of the above
Measuring Qol increases the understanding about the multidimensional impact of illness, and the factors that moderate it. When Qol is measured to inform, what can be gained?
Best practice can be informed
Interventions can be informed
Patients can be informed
All of the above
Yardley and Dibb (2007) found in heir longitudinal study that participants had altered their views of their baseline quality of life 10 months after initial assessment. Which of the subscales was the only one unchanged?
Role functioning
Physical health
Social functioning
Emotional functioning
Which of the following observable aspects was not assessed in Bijttebier et al's (2001) study of young cancer patients?
Discomfort caused by illness
Discomfort caused by medical treatment
Physical restriction
Emotional distress
Which of the following is not a condition-related psychosocial influence on Qol?
Cognitive impairment
Communication impairment
Symptoms
None of the above
Ferrucci et al. (2000) investigated the relationship between disease severity and Qol. In which disease did they find a linear relationship (i.e. the more severe the symptoms, the lower perceived level of Qol)?
Stroke
Coronary heart disease
Parkinson's disease
Alzheimer's disease
Obieglo et al. (2015) found that cardiac patients with lower illness acceptance were NOT more likely to report which of the following:
Social isolation
Negative emotional reactions
Less energy
More severe pain
According to Morrison and Bennett, what is 'quality of life' (Qol)?
An individual's evaluation of life experience
An objective measure of someone's existence
The degree to which we can function physically
All of the above
Some argue that Qol is impossible at, or nearing, the end of life. The withdrawal of medical assistance to some people at this time is known as
Suicide
Assisted suicide
Active euthanasia
Passive euthanasia
Why may we not have a proper understanding of Qol in children?
Because of their cognitive limitations
Because of the use of proxy measures
Because of their cognitive limitations and the use of proxy measures
Because of their difficulties with communication
What is the term used for when a person changes his/her view and possibly re-prioritise expectations and his/her life values?
Response shift
Response adaptation
Response modification
Response swing
For what does the acronym QALY stand?
Quantity of active life years
Quality-adjusted life years
Quality of active life years
Quantity ameliorated life years
D. Employment
B. Physical disability, depressed mood and gender
B. In situations where the person cannot exert control
A. It allows comparisons of Qol across different diseases
D. All of the above
B. Physical health
A. Discomfort caused by illness
D. None of the above
C. Parkinson's disease
D. More severe pain
A. An individual's evaluation of life experience
D. Passive euthanasia
C. Because of their cognitive limitations and the use of proxy measures
A. Response shift
B. Quality-adjusted life years
By 2037, the approximate 6.5 million informal caregivers is expected to increase to what number?
7 million
8 million
9 million
10 million
60% of caregivers are children or children-in-law yet little is known about the long-term impact. For young caregivers however it can affect:
Potential future
Academic performance
Social life
All of the above
Stress in the family is a pressure that can disrupt or change the ‘family system’. There are 3 stages in a continuum of adaptation (McCubbin & Patterson 1982) including:
Resistance, communication and consolidation
Resistance, restructuring and communication
Resistance, restructuring and consolidation
Communication, restructuring and condolidation
There is a large body of evidence suggesting that care giving has a negative physiological consequence. What is it?
Reduced immune function
Increased white blood cells
Reduced red blood cells
Increased rates of diabetes
Select the answer that correctly fills in the blank below. Banthia et al. (2003) reported that the quality of a relationship may __________ the effects of individual coping.
moderate
alter
become worse as a result of
benefit from
In the study of caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease, improvements to their physical and mental health were associated with what of type coping response (Goode et al., 1998)?
Cognitive avoidance coping
Approach coping
Avoidant coping
Emotion-focused coping
In Kiecolt-Glazer’s et al’s (1994) study of caregivers’ immune response to flu vaccine, roughly what percentage of care givers and non-care givers over the age of 70 years actually became immune to the flu vaccine?
25 versus 35%
25 versus 60%
40 versus 60%
55 versus 75%
“I’m just my mom’s daughter son looking after her. But if I’m speaking to somebody I’ll say I’m her carer because that’s what I’m doing. It’s a role that I’m playing” is an example of a caregiver who has…
Enforced their identity
Rejected the caregiver identity
Absorbed a partial caregiver identity
Embraced the caregiver identity
Caring satisfactions as identified by Kinney et l. (1995) and Kramer (1997) do NOT include:
Healthier lifestyle
Feeling useful
Increased feelings of closeness
Sense of fulfilment
According to Orbell et al. (1993), what positive outcomes of caring have been identified?
Increased feelings of closeness
Feeling useful
Sense of fulfilment
All of the above
Which of the following typical tasks identified by Carers UK (2014) are the most common?
Practical support and personal care tasks
Emotional support and personal care tasks
Emotional support and managing finances
Practical help and emotional support
Filial piety refers to:
Gendered expectation of women to provide care
Gendered expectation for men to provide care
Obligation of taking care of younger family members
Obligation of taking care of older family members
In Bennett and Connell's (1999) study of male heart attack patients and their spouses what was found to be the primary causes of anxiety for the caregiver?
Perceptions of not being able to cope effectively and not knowing their partners capabilities
Lack of a confidant and the perceived consequences of the heart attack
The perceived consequences of the heart attack and perceptions of not being able to cope effectively
Loss of freedom and the perceived consequences of the heart attack
The underlying source of carer distress appear to result from subjective appraisals of an imbalance between demands and perceived resources, which may include what Wallander and Vami (1998) refer to as:
Resistance factors
Fight issues
Resistance aspects
Conflict factors
Some social interactions can be detrimental to a care receiver's well-being. Indeed, certain types of interactions have been predictive of depression in individuals with HIV. Which of the following was not considered ‘unsupportive’ by Ingham et al. (1999)?
Disengaging behaviour
Forces optimism
Insensitvity
Frequent absence of carer
C. 9 million
D. All of the above
C. Resistance, restructuring and consolidation
A. Reduced immune function
A. Moderate
B. Approach coping
B. 25 versus 60%
C. Absorbed a partial caregiver identity
A. Healthier lifestyle
D. All of the above
D. Practical help and emotional support
D. Obligation of taking care of older family members
B. Lack of a confidant and the perceived consequences of the heart attack
C. Resistance aspects
D. Frequent absence of carer
What are three key psychological factors the influence the experience of pain?
Perception, attention and cognition
Mood, perception and cognition
Mood, attention and perception
Mood, attention and cognition
Nicholl et al. (2014) found high levels of _________ among people with chronic pain.
Worry
Depression
Optimism
Anxiety
Pain management clinics may employ several types of health professionals. What would a physiotherapist assist with?
Day-to-day tasks
Medication
Exercise programmes
None of the above
Pattern theory of pain specifically suggests that
Differing nerves trigger different sensations
Only some nerve fibres conduct pain sensations
Pain sensations occur only when the degree of nerve stimulation crosses a certain threshold
None of the above
What of the following is true of patient-controlled analgesia?
It is effective, but only for adults
It is likely to be abused by people with existing opioid dependencies
It is unsage to use by people who are highly anxious about their pain
Its use is safe among all patient groups, including children and people with drug dependencies
The opposite of the placebo response is known as the
nocebo response
reactive response
pain response
Molko response
Which structure, hypothesized by Melzack, is thought to explain the experience of phantom limb pain?
The neuromatrix
The thalamic pain centre
The reticulospinal fibre matrix
The substantia gelatinosa
What cluster of thoughts may decrease pain experience the most?
Belief that pain is caused by serious illness; that pain is controllable; and the expectation that pain will last a long time
Belief that pain indicates serious health problems; that pain will be difficult to control; and the expectation that pain will last a long time
Belief that pain is caused by a minor problem; that pain will prove difficult to control; and that pain may last a long time
Belief that pain is caused by minor problem; that pain is controllable; and the expectation that pain will last a short time
Hanson and Gerber (1990) summarised some cognitive behavioural techniques that can be used during intense periods of pain. Which of the following did they not suggest?
Using positive self-talk
Listening to a relaxation tape
Employing reinforcement
Taking a long, hot shower
Which of the following will influence the experience of pain?
Attributions concerning the cause of pain
Expectations of pain relief
Beliefs about the ability to tolerate pain
All of the above
What are the three types of ‘gain’ in response to pain identified by Bokan et al. (1981)
Tertiary
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
All of the above
Ginandes et al. (2003) examined the effects of hypnosis on pain and wound healing after breast surgery. There were three conditions normal care (analgesia), sessions with a counsellor and hypnosis (including visualisation). Which group had the least pain and quickest wound recovery?
Sessions with a counsellor
There were no significant differences between the treatment groups
Hypnosis
Normal care
A and C fibres transmit information to areas known as the substantia gelatinosa. These lie within
The thalamus
The dorsal horn of each part of the spinal column
The limbic system
The central vestibule of eacht part of the spinal column
If a placebo follows treatment with an active drug, many patients will:
Experience similar levels of symptom relief
Experience similar levels of side effects
Experience a small reduaction in apparent effectiveness of the apparant drug
Only A and B
Which of the following was not one of the five D’s identified by Brena and Chapman (1983) in the context of pain?
Dependency on mothers
Dramatizations of complaints
Drug misuse
Degenereation of muscular flexibility and strength
D. Mood, attention and cognition
B. Depression
C. Exercise programmes
C. Pain sensations occur only when the degree of nerve stimulation crosses a certain threshold
D. Its use is safe among all patient groups, including children and people with drug dependencies
A. Nocebo response
A. The neuromatrix
D. Belief that pain is caused by minor problem; that pain is controllable; and the expectation that pain will last a short time
C. Employing reinforcement
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
C. Hypnosis
B. The dorsal horn of each part of the spinal column
D. Only A and B
D. Degenereation of muscular flexibility and strength
Although many patients benefit from being given a recording of a '''bad news''' interview, McHugh et al. (1995) found one group of individuals who may experience increased distress as a consequence. Identify the group.
Patients with poor reading skills
Patients with a poor prognosis
Patients with poor social support
All of the above
Written emotional expression may bring about short-term increases in distress and depression. But in the mid-long term:
May bring about better "mood" in the long term
May bring about better physical health
May bring about fewer trips to the doctor
All of the above
For cardiac patients, O’Neil et al. (2014) found that a combined cognitive behavioural intervention and a behavioural risk reduction programme delivered by telephone result in:
Better quality of life than standard
Lower levels of depression
Both A and B
None of the above
Franek (2013) found ‘modest’ improvements in pain, disability, fatigue, depression and health-related quality of life among many conditions. Which of these were not included in the systematic review?
Arthritis
Diabetes
Stroke
Crohn's
Jolly et al. (2007) compared use of the Heart Manual and its live equivalent, and found that
The two were comparable in their effectiveness.
The Heart Manual worked well, but only for people with high self-efficacy.
The Heart Manual worked well, but only for people with low levels of anxiety.
In a systematic review of 11 educational programmes for people with asthma, Gibson, Coughlan, Wilson et al. (2000) concluded that
the interventions did not improve measures of medication use, doctor visits, hospitalisation and lung function.
the interventions increased knowledge.
the interventions improved measures of medication use, doctor visits, hospitalisation and lung function
Only A and B
Langewitz et al.’s (1997) intensified functional insulin therapy:
Taught participants how it felt to have irregularities in their blood sugar levels as a consequence of eating differing meals
Taught participants how it felt to have irregularities in their blood sugar levels as a consequence of exercise
Involved a strong educational component
All of the above
What types of information provision may be of benefit to medical patients?
How to change behaviour in order to improve their prognosis
How to cope with their illenss or its treatment
The nature of their illness
All of the above
How effective was the ENRICH'D programme in reducing the re-occurrence of heart attack?
Not effective at all
Treatment made things worse
Moderately effective: 9% reduction compared to a control group
Highly effective: 15% reduction compared to a control group
Implantable cardioverter defibrillators can result in fear among people who have never received a shock as a consequence of :
Classical conditioning
Expectations of a shock
Operant conditioning
Both A and B
The primary goals of psychological interventions in medical patients are to
reduce distress.
improve disease management.
reduce the risk of future disease or disease progression.
All of the above.
According to Henderson et al. (2013) a mindfulness-based intervention proved beneficial for women in early stage breast cancer receiving radiotherapy. Which of these factors did it not improve?
Helplessness
Depression
Social isolation
Hostility
Self-management programmes:
Provide a didactic one-to-one teaching programme
Provide group interventions to maximise learning from observation of others
Work individually with patients to enhance skills acquisition
Provide didactic teaching in group contexts
Which of the following was not a key element of self-management training programmes for people with arthritis developed by Lorig
Managing the emotional outcomes of medical conditions
Working with doctors and the health care team
Effective use of medication
Lo et al. (2010) evaluated a computer-based learning education programme to Taiwanese patients with significant burn injuries. They reported significant benefits on measures of what?
Anxiety
Knowledge
Use of pressure garments
All of the above
B. Patients with a poor prognosis
D. All of the above
C. Both A and B
D. Crohn's
B. The two were comparable in their effectiveness.
D. Only A and B
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
A. Not effective at all
B. Expectations of a shock
D. All of the above.
C. Social isolation
B. Provide group interventions to maximise learning from observation of others
A. Managing the emotional outcomes of medical conditions
D. All of the above
The British Psychological Society Division of Health Psychology identifies the key roles of health psychologists as
the prevention and management of illness
the promotion and maintenance of health
the improvement of the health care system
All of the above
Select the answer that correctly fills in the blank below. According to Murray and Campbell (2003), health psychology needs to encompass ______ aspects of health and healthcare.
sociocultural
political
economic
All of the above
Any intervention designed to optimise patients' responses to the onset of illness may benefit from a number of elements. They are
Teaching coping skills to help people cope more effectively with the stress of living with a serious illness.
Identification of illness beliefs and attempts to change them if they are either inadequate or incorrect.
Behavioural hypothesis testing to disconfirm any inappropriate beliefs an individual may hold.
All of the above
Vicarious learning in the context of health behaviour change involves
being motivated by negative information.
being given information to change relevant attitudes.
gaining the confidence to change through observing coping models.
learning from our mistakes.
Fordyce (1982) suggested that pain programmes should
ignore pain-related behaviours.
administer pain relief on a regular base.
reward non-pain related behaviours.
All of the above.
The Australian Psychology Society's division of health psychology identified which of the following as areas of specialism for health psychologists?
Clinical health
Health promotion
Epidemiology
Only A and B
A criticism of health psychology made by Schwarz and Carpenter (1999) is that health psychology
does not focus sufficiently on macro-level determinants of health.
focuses too much on individuals level, determinants of health.
does note yet have the technology to change behaviours in large populations.
Only A and B.
Select the answer that correctly fills in the blank below. The Australian Psychology Society (APS) division of health psychology identified the areas of specialism of health psychologists as:
Using psychological treatment for problems that often accompany ill health and injury, such as anxiety, depression, pain, addiction, sleep and eating problems.
Development and provision of programmes that assist in the prevention of illnesses such as heart attacks, stroke, cancer, sexually transmitted diseases, smoking-related-illness and dietary-related problems.
Designing public health education programs in areas such as exercise and alcohol, cigarette and drug consumption.
All of the above.
Which of the following is unlikely to underpin any health psychology intervention?
Theory of planned behaviour
Health attitude theory
Social cognition theory
Health action process
What is the body responsible for establishing care guidelines in the UK?
The Guideline Compliance Authority
The Guideline Practice Committee
The National Institue for Health and Clinical Excellence
The National Institute of Clinical Policy
Which of the following factors highlighted by DiMatteo (2004) should be considered when attempting to change young people's behaviour?
Building trust between patient and health professional
Consideration of specific beliefs and attitudes about treatment needs and goals
Gaining and encouraging family commitment to treatment and within-family communication if problems with treatment arise
All of the above
According to work conducted by Abraham et al. (2002), what fraction of safer-sex leaflets used two or less of twenty information categories designed to influence behaviour?
A third
Two thirds
A quarter
A half
Which of the following individual factors may influence adherence to clinical guidelines?
Personal attitudes and beliefs regarding the treatment
Personal attitudes and beliefs regarding the condition
Personal attitudes and beliefs regarding the target behaviour
All of the above
What is the generic term for ensuring the evidence concerning the effectiveness and applicability of various health psychology interventions in practice?
Empirically validated interventions
Evidence-based practice
National initiative on care for elderly (NICE) validated intervention
None of the above
The key message of the health belief model is that we have to persuade people that
they will be supported in any attempts at behavioural change.
the benefits of health behaviour change outweigh the benefits of not changing.
they are able to achieve long-term behavioural change.
behavioural change will result in a health gain.
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
C. Gaining the confidence to change through observing coping models.
D. All of the above.
D. Only A and B
D. Only A and B.
D. All of the above.
B. Health attitude theory
C. The National Institue for Health and Clinical Excellence
D. All of the above
B. Two thirds
D. All of the above
B. Evidence-based practice
B. The benefits of health behaviour change outweigh the benefits of not changing.
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