This bundle describes a summary of the book "Psychology by P. Gray and D. F., Bjorkland (eight edition)". The following chapters are used:
- 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16.
Science is the attempt to answer questions through the systematic collection and analysis of objective, observable data.
Clever Hans was a horse, which had received an education and seemed to be able to answer a lot of questions, including arithmetic questions. This was, in fact, not true. The horse was able to recognize visual signals to which he
........Read moreAdaptation refers to modification as a result of changed life circumstances.
Genes never produce behaviour directly, so genes are technically not for a behavioural trait, but associated with that behavioural trait. All the effects that genes have on behaviour occur through their role in building and modifying the physical structures of the body.
Genes affect
........Read moreThe brain contains a lot of nerve cells or neurons. The points of communication between neurons are called synapses. The brain and the spinal cord make up the central nervous system. Extensions from the central nervous system, called nerves, make up the peripheral nervous system. The difference between a neuron and a nerve is that a nerve is
........Read moreSlower changing components of the mind are referred to as behavioural states (e.g: variations in motivation, emotion).
Motivation refers to the entire constellation of factors, inside and outside of the organism, that causes an individual to behave in a particular way at a particular time. Motivational state or drive refers to an internal condition that orients an
........Read morePhotoreceptors are specialized light-detecting cells. One possible evolutionary road of the eyes is the following: photoreceptors became concentrated in groups, they began to form light detecting organs and this light-detecting organ developed until it became the eye as we know it today.
The front of the eyeball is covered by the cornea, a transparent tissue. Here
........Read moreAnimals need to learn to survive. Learning is any process through which experience at one time can alter an individual’s behaviour at another tie. Experience is any effects of the environment that are mediated by the individual’s sensory system. Future behaviour is any behaviour that is not part of the individual’s immediate response to the sensory stimulation during
........Read moreIn a model on how the memory works there are three types of memory stores:
An analogy refers to a similarity in behaviour, function, or relationship between entities or situations that are in other respects different from each other. The prefrontal cortex is involved in analogical reasoning. Analogical reasoning uses multiple areas in the prefrontal cortex, unlike simple semantic retrieval.
Inductive reasoning or induction is the attempt to infer some new principle
........Read moreThe prenatal period is divided into three phases:
As infants, we depend physically and emotionally on adult caregivers. As children, we learn to get along with others and to abide by the rules and norms of society. As adolescents, we begin to explore romantic relationships and consider how we will take our place in the adult world. As adults, we assume responsibility for the care
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Humans are ‘natural psychologists’. This has an evolutionary explanation: people can help us or hurt us and we want to find out their intention. Attribution is a claim about the cause of someone’s behaviour. It is possible to attribute the cause of someone’s behaviour to two things:
Personality is the relatively consistent patterns of thought, feeling and behaviour that characterize each person as a unique individual. A trait is a relatively stable predisposition to behave in a certain way. There are traits that are always present, but there are also traits that need a certain situation before they manifest. Traits are dimensions, which are
........Read moreA potential psychological disorder must be evaluated in four aspects:
The caring for people with psychological disorders used to be non-existent. Nowadays, there is more care. Since the 1970s, assertive community treatment has existed, aimed at helping a person with severe psychological problems and preventing hospitalization.
Electroconvulsive therapy is used primarily in cases of severe depression that does not respond to psychotherapy or antidepressant drugs. The
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Studiegids voor samenvattingen bij Psychology van Gray en Bjorklund
Summary of Psychology by Gray and Bjorkland - 8th edition
This bundle describes a summary of the book "Psychology by P. Gray and D. F., Bjorkland (eight edition)". The following chapters are used:
- 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16.
BulletPointsummary of Psychology by Gray and Bjorklund – 8th edition Psychology by Gray and Bjorklund (7th edition) - a summary 
This is a summary of Psychology by Gray and Bjorklund. This book is an introduction to psychology and is used in the course 'Introduction to psychology' in the first year of the study Psychology at the UvA.
The first four chapters of this summary are for free, but to support worldsupporter and Joho, you have to become a Joho-member to read the other chapters. This is five euro a year, and you then can read all Joho-member content
Psychology - Gray: BulletPoints Samenvatting van Psychology van Gray - 8ste editie 
In deze samenvatting vind je de belangrijkste grondslagen van de psychology. Hierin vind je alles vanaf de filosofische geschiedenis, tot de biologie die komt kijken bij psychologie. Psychologie als wetenschap is nog vrij jong, maar de basis van de psychologie gaat terug tot in de tijd van de Grieken. Een grote misvatting in de Psychologie isf dat Pychologie gaat over de studie van abnormaal gedrag. Het tegenovergestelde is waar, psychologie gaat over de studie van normaal gedrag. Hoe dragen opvoeding, omgeving, genen en biologische factoren bij aan ons denken en gedrag?
Deze samenvatting omvat de hoofdstukken 1 t/m 16 van de 8ste Editie van het boek
.......read more Summary articles clinical psychology (Gray, Henningson & Lieberman)Schizophrenia has positive and negative symptoms that are both analysed using a traditional cognitive model. The model exists of the cognitive triad: schemas about self, world and the future. When interventions are made, they should target the meaning behind both positive and negative symptoms. However, in the current system, the content for both symptoms is similar. The view of the self is weak, vulnerable, ineffective and worthless. The view of others as controlling, dangerous and rejecting.
Cognitive schemas are responsible for cognitive organization. The content originates from the cognitive triad. If schemas interfere with accommodation in life situations, they are called dysfunctional. If schemas are extreme of fantastic, they are called delusional.
Schizophrenia can develop due to a genetic predisposition in combination with the development of negative thoughts and stressful life-events. These negative thoughts become embedded into cognitive schemas and a person can develop negative symptoms, such as withdrawal, violence and isolation. On the other hand, positive symptoms can come from dysfunctional symptoms and get transformed into delusions. These symptoms start with an overstimulation of the HPA axis which leads to an excessive output of cortisol. That leads to an overflow of dopamine and the development of hallucinations.
Motivation is one of the main factors in developing negative symptoms. There are two ways that motivation affects the symptoms, in belief and expression.
Evaluation of the self has an influence on negative symptoms. Positive evaluations lead to less negative symptoms. On the other hand, dysfunctional beliefs correlate to the severity of negative symptoms. It was found that a lower self-efficacy leads to more severe negative symptoms. The three components of the cognitive triad (self, others and future) express themselves in specific situations in the context of task orientation, pleasure, interpersonal relations and energy.
Negative symptoms are related to beliefs about the future, negative thoughts about task performance or future success corelate with severe negative symptoms. Individuals that have the deficit syndrome (more severe negative symptoms) have more defeatist beliefs then those that do not experience severe negative symptoms. Furthermore, a decrease in the expectation of pleasure can contribute to more negative symptoms. Asocial beliefs also play a role and correlate with asociality in schizophrenia.
Development of positive systems is labelled the transformational or
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