Summary of Psychology by Gray and Bjorkland - 8th edition
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In a model on how the memory works there are three types of memory stores:
The model specifies a set of control processes, which govern the processing of information within stores and the movement of information from one store to another. The control processes are:
Individual mental operations can be placed on a continuum with respect to how much of one’s limited capacity each requires for its execution.
All the sensory information is briefly analysed at an unconscious level and this is called preattentive processing. The preattentive processing helps determine whether something is significant and should be paid attention to. People are able to select what they pay attention to. This is shown in a couple of ways:
Auditory sensory memory is called echoic memory and visual sensory memory is called iconic memory. Sensory input can alter behaviour and conscious thought, without itself becoming conscious. This is called priming. Priming is the activation, by sensory input, of information that is already stored in the long-term memory. It is sometimes impossible to not process a stimuli (e.g: it is sometimes not possible to not read a word).
There are three general conclusions that can be drawn from brain studies concerning preattentive processing and attention:
There are people with spatial neglect, meaning that they are unable to process information in the visual field opposite to the brain hemisphere in which they have a lesion.
The working memory consists of three separate, but interacting components:
The number of pronounceable items that a person can keep in mind and report back accurately after a brief delay is called the short-term memory span or the phonological loop of working memory. The phonological loop is the part of working memory that holds on to verbal information by subvocally repeating it. The memory of the working memory is generally two items shorter than the phonological loop.
The working memory is part of executive functions, relatively basic and general-purpose information-processing mechanisms that, together, are important in planning and regulating behaviour and performing complex cognitive tasks. The executive functions consist of three related components:
There are four general conclusions about executive functions:
Memory refers to all the information in a person´s mind and to the mind´s capacity to store and retrieve that information. There are two types of memory:
There are two types of explicit memory:
The spreading activation model of explicit memory shows that words that are related to words seen earlier are thought of more often than words that are not related (e.g: after hearing the colour red and then asked for a flower they say rose more often than when they are not presented with the colour red first).
There are two types of implicit memory:
Any loss of long-term memory, usually resulting from some sort of physical disruption, is called amnesia. The inability to create new memories is called temporal-lobe amnesia, which is strongly correlated with damage to the hippocampus. With temporal-lobe amnesia, skill learning is not affected. People can recall nothing or barely anything from their infant years and this is called infantile amnesia.
There are two types of rehearsal:
There are several ways in which encoding is promoted:
Anterograde amnesia is the loss of capacity to form long term memories of events occurring after the injury. Retrograde amnesia Is loss of memories of events that occurred before the injury. Long-term memories are encoded in the brain in two forms: a labile, easily disrupted form and a stable, not easily disrupted form. Consolidation occurs the labile memory form is converted into the stable form.
Sleep is important for the consolidation of memories, especially the slow-wave in the deep sleep stage.
Memories are linked to each other through associations. A stimulus or thought that becomes a particular memory is a retrieval cue for that memory. There are two principles of association:
Schema refers to one’s generalized mental representation, or concept, of any given class of objects, scenes or events (e.g: western people might share a schema for a living room). Schemas that involve the organization of events in time, rather than objects in space, are called scripts (e.g: a typical night out).
Leading questions can cause false memories to be created. Memories are often adapted to the schemas and scripts in the mind of a person. The word choice is also important in memories and the word choice can determine memories.
There are two possible causes of false memory construction:
Prospective memory is memory about things we still have to do in the future. There are two types of prospective memory:
There are three phases in prospective memory: an intention, the intention must be maintained and there must be a switch from the ongoing task to execute the intention.
This bundle contains everything you need to know for the first interim exam of Introduction to Psychology for the University of Amsterdam. It uses the book "Psychology by P. Gray and D. F., Bjorkland (eight edition)". The bundle contains the following chapters:
- 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9.
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This bundle describes a summary of the book "Psychology by P. Gray and D. F., Bjorkland (eight edition)". The following chapters are used:
- 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16.
This bundle contains everything you need to know for the first interim exam of Introduction to Psychology for the University of Amsterdam. It uses the book "Psychology by P. Gray and D. F., Bjorkland (eight edition)". The bundle contains the following chapters:
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