MOOD DISORDERS
Disorder | Major depressive disorder (MDD) |
Symptoms |
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| AND at least five symptoms: |
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Time | 2 weeks |
Prevalence | 16% |
Comorbidity | High |
Other |
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Disorder | Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) |
Symptoms |
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| AND at least two five symptoms during that time: |
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Time | 2 years. Symptoms do not clear for more than 2 months at a time. |
Prevalence | 2.5% |
Comorbidity | High |
Other |
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Disorder | Season affective disorder |
Symptoms |
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Time | At least two consecutive winters |
Prevalence | Not specific |
Comorbidity | High |
Other |
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Disorder | Bipolar I disorder |
Symptoms |
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Time | One manic episode during the course of a person’s life. Manic episodes last approximately one week. |
Prevalence | 0.6% |
Comorbidity | High |
Other |
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Disorder | Bipolar II disorder |
Symptoms |
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Time | One hypomanic and one major depressive episode during the course of a person’s life. |
Prevalence | 0.4% - 2% |
Comorbidity | High |
Disorder | Cyclothymic disorder |
Symptoms |
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Time | Symptoms do not clear for more than two months at a time. |
Prevalence | 4% |
Comorbidity | High |
Other |
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| Manic episode |
Symptoms |
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| AND at least three differences from baseline (four if irritable mood) |
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Time | Symptoms are present most of the day, nearly every day. Symptoms last one week. |
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Other |
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| Hypomanic episode |
Symptoms |
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| AND at least three differences from baseline (four if irritable mood) |
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Time | Symptoms are present most of the day, nearly every day. Symptoms last at least four days. |
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Other |
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ANXIETY DISORDERS
Disorder | Specific phobia |
Symptoms |
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Time | Not specified |
Prevalence | 13.8% |
Comorbidity | High (substance abuse, depression and personality disorders) |
Other |
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Disorder | Social anxiety disorder |
Symptoms |
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Time | Not specified |
Prevalence | 13% |
Comorbidity | High (substance abuse, depression and personality disorders) |
Other |
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Disorder | Panic disorder |
Symptoms |
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Time | Worry or change behaviour for at least one month |
Prevalence | 5.2% |
Comorbidity | High (substance abuse, depression and personality disorders) |
Other |
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Disorder | Agoraphobia |
Symptoms |
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Time | At least six months |
Prevalence | 2.6% |
Comorbidity | High (substance abuse, depression and personality disorders) |
Other |
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Disorder | Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) |
Symptoms |
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| AND at least three symptoms: |
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Time | At least six months |
Prevalence | 6.2% |
Comorbidity | High (substance abuse, depression and personality disorders) |
Other |
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| Panic attack |
Symptoms |
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| AND at least four symptoms: |
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Time | Peak intensity after ten minutes |
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Other |
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OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE AND RELATED DISORDERS
Disorder | Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) |
Symptoms |
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| Obsessions include: |
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| Compulsions include: |
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Time | At least one hour per day |
Prevalence | 2% |
Comorbidity | High (depression and anxiety disorders) |
Other |
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Disorder | Body dysmorphic disorder |
Symptoms |
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Time | Not specified |
Prevalence | 2% |
Comorbidity | High (depression and anxiety disorders) |
Other |
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Disorder | Hoarding disorder |
Symptoms |
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Time | Not specified |
Prevalence | 1.5% |
Comorbidity | High (depression and anxiety disorders) |
Other |
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TRAUMA-RELATED DISORDERS
Disorder | Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
Symptoms |
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| At LEAST one: (intrusion) |
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| At LEAST one: (avoidance) |
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| At LEAST two: (negative alterations in cognition and mood) |
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| At LEAST two: (arousal and activity) |
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Time | Symptoms begin or worsened after the trauma and continued for at least one month. |
Prevalence | Different for all traumas. The more severe the trauma, the greater the probability of PTSD. |
Comorbidity | High (depression and anxiety disorders) |
Other |
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Disorder | Acute stress syndrome |
Symptoms |
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Time | Symptoms last three days to one month |
Prevalence | Not specified |
Comorbidity | Not specified |
Other |
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DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
Disorder | Depersonalization/derealization disorder |
Symptoms |
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Time | Not specified |
Prevalence | 0.8% - 1.9% |
Comorbidity | High (depression, anxiety and personality disorders |
Other |
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Disorder | Dissociative amnesia |
Symptoms |
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Time | Begins suddenly. Disappears suddenly. |
Prevalence | Differs across countries and populations |
Comorbidity | Not specified |
Other |
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Disorder | Dissociative fugue |
Symptoms |
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Time | Begins suddenly. Disappears suddenly. |
Prevalence | Differs across countries and populations |
Comorbidity | Not specified |
Other |
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Disorder | Dissociative identity disorder |
Symptoms |
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Time | Not specified |
Prevalence | 1% |
Comorbidity | High (depression, somatic symptom-, personality- and posttraumatic stress disorder) |
Other |
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SOMATIC SYMPTOM-RELATED DISORDERS
Disorder | Somatic symptom disorder |
Symptoms |
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| Excessive thought, distress and behaviour related to somatic symptom(s) or health concerns, as indicated by at LEAST one of the following: |
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Time | At least six months |
Prevalence | 5% - 7% |
Comorbidity | High (anxiety-, mood-, substance use- and personality disorders) |
Other |
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Disorder | Illness anxiety disorder |
Symptoms |
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Time | At least six months |
Prevalence | 1.3% - 10% |
Comorbidity | High (anxiety- and mood disorders) |
Other |
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Disorder | Conversion disorder |
Symptoms |
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Time | Not specified |
Prevalence | Less than 1% |
Comorbidity | High (somatic-, dissociative-, substance use- and personality disorders) |
Other |
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Disorder | Factitious disorder |
Symptoms |
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| Factitious disorder on SELF if: |
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| Factitious disorder on OTHERS if: |
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Time | Not specified |
Prevalence | 0.6% - 3% |
Comorbidity | Not specified |
Other |
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TREATMENT OF MOOD DISORDERS
Type of treatment | Treatment | How it works |
Psychological | Interpersonal therapy | Examine interpersonal problems and identify feelings about these problems |
Psychological | Cognitive therapy | Change cognitions. Computer-based cognitive therapy is effective. |
Psychological | Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) | Adopt a decentred perspective to prevent escalation of negative thoughts. It helps prevent relapse. |
Psychological | Behavioural activation (BA) therapy | Increase participation in positively reinforcing activities to disrupt the spiral of depression. |
Psychological | Behavioural couples therapy | Improve communication and relationship satisfaction. |
Psychological | Psychoeducation | Learn people more about the depression and how to manage symptoms. NOTE: does not treat mood disorders, but can be helpful. |
Biological | Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) | Deliberately inducing a momentary seizure in a person’s brain. Used for depression that does not respond to medication, but can lead up to cognitive deficits up till six months later. |
Biological | Medication | Medication such as SSRI. Only really effective in severe depression. Medication after depression reduces probability of relapse. Bipolar disorder requires lithium, antipsychotic or anti-seizure medication. |
Biological | Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) | Magnetic pulses are used to increase activity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Only for people who don’t respond to first medication. |
TREATMENT OF ANXIETY DISORDERS
Disorder | Type of treatment | Treatment | How it works |
Phobias | Psychological | Exposure | Exposure to the fear object reduces fear. Gradual exposure works best. |
Social anxiety disorder | Psychological | Exposure | Exposure to the fear object, social skills training. Teach people to stop using safety behaviour and change attention from the self to external stimuli. |
Panic disorder | Psychological | Panic control therapy (PCT) | Elicit bodily sensations and learn coping techniques for these sensations. |
Agoraphobia | Psychological | Cognitive behavioural treatment (CBT) | Exposure to the fear object. |
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) | Psychological | Cognitive behavioural treatment (CBT) | Challenge people to worry only one specific time of the day. Includes relaxation training and help people tolerate uncertainty. |
All | Biological | Medication | Benzodiazepines, anti-depressants and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are used to reduce anxiety. |
NOTE: All psychological treatments of anxiety disorders use an exposure element
TREATMENT OF OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE AND RELATED DISORDERS
Disorder | Type of treatment | Treatment | How it works |
OCD | Psychological | Exposure and prevention (ERP) | Exposure to the fear object and not performing the ritual to reduce anxiety to let anxiety gradually decline. |
BDD | Psychological | Exposure and prevention (ERP) | Exposure to the feared activities and avoiding rituals that reassure people about their appearance. |
Hoarding disorder | Psychological | Exposure and prevention | Exposure to feared activities and avoiding anxiety reducing rituals. NOTE: motivational strategies are necessary as insight is necessary to address symptoms |
OCD | Biological | Deep brain stimulation | Implanting electrodes in the brain. Only used for severe cases that do not respond to other therapies. |
All | Biological | Medication | Antidepressants help fight symptoms of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. |
TREATMENT OF TRAUMA-RELATED DISORDERS
Disorder | Type of treatment | Treatment | How it works |
Acute stress disorder | Psychological | Exposure treatment | Exposure to the trauma-related activities or objects. |
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | Psychological | Exposure treatment | Exposure to the trauma-related activities or objects. |
Posttraumatic stress disorder | Psychological | Early exposure treatment | Early exposure to the trauma-related activities of objects. |
Posttraumatic stress disorder | Psychological | Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) | Bilateral stimulation through stimulation eye movements while working through the trauma. |
All | Biological | Medication | Antidepressants help fight symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. |
NOTE: Symptoms may worsen before they improve if using exposure technique
TREATMENT OF DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
Disorder | Type of treatment | Treatment | How it works |
All | Psychological | Cognitive therapy | Change cognitions about relevant stimuli. |
Dissociative identity disorder | Psychological | Cognitive therapy | Convince people that splitting into multiple personalities is no longer necessary to deal with stress. |
Dissociative identity disorder | Psychological | Stress-coping techniques | Learn people stress-coping techniques to deal with trauma. |
Dissociative identity disorder | Psychological | Age regression | Using hypnosis and encouraging people to go back in the mind to traumatic events in childhood. NOTE: this could worsen symptoms |
Dissociative identity disorder | Psychological | Exposure treatment | Exposure to the trauma. NOTE: it is not always clear what the trauma is. |
All | Biological | Medication | Medication for the potential other disorders, as the disorders are highly comorbid. |
TREATMENT OF SOMATIC-RELATED DISORDERS
Disorder | Type of treatment | Treatment | How it works |
Somatic symptom disorder | Psychological | Acceptance and commitment therapy | Learn a more accepting attitude towards pain, suffering and moments of depression. |
All | Psychological | Interventions in primary care | Teach primary care workers to tailor care for people with these disorders. Includes informing workers when someone is a frequent user of health care services. |
All | Psychological | Cognitive behavioural treatment | Learn people to pay less attention to their bodies. Focus on what people can still do and not on what they cannot do. |
All | Biological | Medication | Antidepressants can reduce symptoms if pain is the dominant symptom. |
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Clinical Psychology – Interim exam 1 [UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM]
- Abnormal Psychology, the science and treatment of psychological disorders by A. M. Kring, S. L. Johnson, G. C. Davison and J. M. Neale (thirteenth edition) – Chapter 1
- Abnormal Psychology, the science and treatment of psychological disorders by A. M. Kring, S. L. Johnson, G. C. Davison and J. M. Neale (thirteenth edition) – Chapter 2
- Abnormal Psychology, the science and treatment of psychological disorders by A. M. Kring, S. L. Johnson, G. C. Davison and J. M. Neale (thirteenth edition) – Chapter 3
- Abnormal Psychology, the science and treatment of psychological disorders by A. M. Kring, S. L. Johnson, G. C. Davison and J. M. Neale (thirteenth edition) – Chapter 5
- Abnormal Psychology, the science and treatment of psychological disorders by A. M. Kring, S. L. Johnson, G. C. Davison and J. M. Neale (thirteenth edition) – Chapter 6
- Abnormal Psychology, the science and treatment of psychological disorders by A. M. Kring, S. L. Johnson, G. C. Davison and J. M. Neale (thirteenth edition) – Chapter 7
- Abnormal Psychology, the science and treatment of psychological disorders by A. M. Kring, S. L. Johnson, G. C. Davison and J. M. Neale (thirteenth edition) – Chapter 8
- Clinical Psychology – Disorder & Treatment list 1
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Clinical Psychology – Interim exam 1 [UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM]
This bundle contains everything you need to know for the first interim exam of Clinical Psychology for the University of Amsterdam. It uses the book "Abnormal Psychology, the science and treatment of psychological disorders by A. M. Kring, S. L. Johnson, G. C. Davison
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