A standard deviation (SD) is a statistical measure that quantifies the amount of variation or spread of data points around the mean (average) in a dataset. It expresses how much, on average, each data point deviates from the mean, providing a more informative understanding of data dispersion compare...

  In statistics, an outlier is a data point that significantly deviates from the rest of the data in a dataset. Think of it as a lone sheep standing apart from the rest of the flock. These values can occur due to various reasons, such as:

• Errors in data collection or measurement...

While establishing causality is a cornerstone of scientific research, it's crucial to remember that it's not always a straightforward process. Although no single condition guarantees definitive proof, there are three key criteria that, when met together, strengthen the evidence for a causal relation...

The results section in a scientific article plays a crucial role in presenting the findings of your research. It serves as the heart of the article, where you objectively report the data you collected and analyzed without interpretation or explanation. Key functions of the results section

• P...