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Preface
Child abuse is associated with an increased risk of developing various psychological problems, including major depressive disorder. There is evidence for a strong association between child abuse and major depressive disorder. It is important to note that child abuse not only increases the risk of developing a major depressive disorder, but that it also affects the severity and course of the disorder. It is important to gain a better understanding of the processes that mediate the link between child abuse and depression. To date, few studies have looked at psychological processes that mediate associations between child abuse and depression. This study examines three potential mediators:
Problems with emotion regulation
Attachment
Attributional style
Criteria
The variables are chosen based on the following criteria:
Proof of a relationship with child abuse
Proof of a relationship with depression
Existing theoretical explanation for the variable as a mediator
Suitable for online assessment
Problems with emotion regulation
There are increasing indications that support the role of emotion regulation as a mediator between child abuse and the onset of depression. There is also indirect evidence for that child abuse leads to problems with emotion regulation, such as problems with understanding and naming affective states, low emotional acceptance and the use of inappropriate emotion regulation strategies.
Attachment
There are indications of a relationship between child abuse and unsafe attachment in adulthood. There are two unsafe attachment styles: avoidance and fear. Avoiding consists of a tendency to avoid closeness and intimacy in relationships, while fear refers to feelings of insecurity and a lack of close relationships.
Attributional style
Experiences of hopelessness can lead to depressogenic inferential styles that are characterized by the tendency to attribute negative life events to internal, stable and global causes. This attribution style is a cognitive risk factor that interacts with acute stressors, which reliably predict depressive reactions after a stressful event.
Hypothesis
In this study, the mediators described above were studied simultaneously in a group of people with a depressive disorder. Three hypothesis have been drawn up:
The severity of child abuse is accompanied by the severity of depression and more depressive episodes
Severity of child abuse, the severity and course of depression are associated with the mediators described
There is an indirect effect of the mediators on the relationship between child abuse and depression on the one hand and the number of depressive episodes on the other hand
Method
Participants were acquired through online forums and self-help organizations for people with depression. 340 participants took part in the study, who spoke fluent German, were between 18 and 65 years old and had a (suspected) diagnosis of major depressive disorder. The PHQ-9 was used to screen the diagnoses of major depressive disorder and to assess the severity of the symptoms. Child abuse has been established by means of a shortened version of CTQ. Emotion regulation was measured using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). The attachment was determined by ECR, the depressive attribution style was measured by Depressive Attributions Questionnaire (DAQ) and lastly traumatic experiences were measured using The Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale.
Results
As predicted in the first hypothesis, the severity of child abuse (measured with the CTQ) is significantly correlated with the severity of depression and the number of depressive episodes. In addition, the CTQ scores were significantly associated with all proposed mediators, as predicted in hypothesis two. In addition, scores on the DERS, ECR subscale avoidance and DAQ were significantly correlated with the severity of depression and the number of depressive episodes. However, scores on the ECR anxiety subscale were not significantly associated with the number of depressive episodes. As a result, hypothesis three is not fully confirmed, so mediator attachment 'anxiety' is not associated with a connection between child abuse and depression on the one hand and the number of depressive episodes on the other.
Discussion
This study has shown that the severity of child abuse is associated with the severity of depression and the number of depressive episodes. This involved research into the role of problems with emotion regulation, attachment and attribution style as possible mediators. Child abuse had a significant association with all proposed mediators.
Limitations research
Found result possibly caused by other, not investigated, factors
Study is primarily based on self-reports, which means that reliability and validity are unclear
Not known if the sample collected online is representative
Conclusions
Despite a number of limitations, this study provides new evidence for the role of emotion regulation problems, avoidant attachment, depressive attribution style and PTSD as a mediator between the relationship of child abuse and depression.
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Summaries per article with of Psychological and Neurobiological Consequences of Child Abuse at Leiden University 21/22
Summaries per article with of Psychological and Neurobiological Consequences of Child Abuse at Leiden University 21/22
Kindermishandeling & Jeugdzorg: samenvattingen van de beste wetenschappelijke artikelen
Of je nu meer wil weten over de forensisch-medische aspecten van kindermishandeling, of benieuwd bent naar hoe desinformatie in het geheugen geplant kan worden - bij de top 40 van samenvattingen van de wetenschappelijke artikelen over kindermishandeling wordt kindermishandeling en jeugdzorg vanuit een breed spectrum bestudeerd en behandeld.
Kindermishandeling & Jeugdzorg: een selectie van ongeveer 40 samenvattingen van de beste wetenschappelijke artikelen (alfabetische volgorde), gebaseerd op diverse vakken rond dit thema zoals aangeboden aan de Universiteiten van Leiden, Utrecht en Groningen voor de studies Pedagogiek en Psychologie.
De opgesomde titels zijn in de meeste gevallen vrije vertalingen van de originele Engelstalige titels:
- Begrijpen van de adolescentie als een periode van sociale en affectieve betrokkenheid en flexibiliteit wat betreft doelen - Crone, Dahl
- Behandeling voor chronische depressie met een schema therapie - Renner et al
- Bijwerkingen van jeugdervaringen in het leven van vrouwelijke zedendelinquenten - Levenson
- Consequenties van kindermishandeling in landen met hoge inkomens - Gilbert et al
- De cumulatieve effecten van de risico- en beschermende factoren van moeders op storend gedrag van hun dochters - van der Molen et al
- De ontwikkeling van de communicatieve en narratieve vaardigheden bij peuters en kleuters: lessen van forensische interviews over kindermishandeling - Hershkowitz
- DNA-methylatie, Gedrag en tegenspoed in Early Life - Szyf
- Einstein op de bank? Gebrek aan wetenschappelijk bewijs om rechtszaken van kindermishandeling te kunnen beoordelen - Moreno
- Emotiemodulatie bij PTSD: klinisch en neurobiologisch bewijs voor een dissociatief subtype - Lanius et al
- Forensisch-medische aspecten van kindermishandeling - Kemp
- Genetische gevoeligheid voor het milieu - Caspi et al
- Geriatrische forensische evaluees: een studie - Lewis et al
- Gezondheidseffecten van kindermishandeling - Kendall-Tackett
- Het geheugen van kinderen als ooggetuigen: de invloed van cognitieve en sociaal-emotionele factoren - Goodman et al
- Het probleem met kinderartsen - Williams
- Het seksueel welzijn van vrouwen die seksueel misbruik hebben ervaren - Lemieux et al
- Jeugd stress heeft aanhoudende effecten op het functioneren van de amygdala en de ontwikkeling van muizen en mensen - Cohen et al
- Jeugdige en volwassen zedendelinquenten - Hendriks, Bijleveld
- Kindermishandeling en DSM-VI mentale stoornissen van volwassenen - Scott et al
- Kindermishandeling voorspelt een ongunstig depressiebeloop en ongunstige behandeluitkomsten bij depressieve mensen: een meta-analyse - Nanni et al
- Meta-analyse van psychologische behandelingen voor PTSS bij volwassenslachtoffers van kindermishandeling - Ehring et al
- Neurobiologische en psychiatrische consequenties van kindermishandeling en verwaarlozing - Heim et al
- Neurologische kijk op kindermishandeling: een kritische review - Hart, Rubia
- Onthullingen van seksueel misbruik van kinderen - London et al
- Onvoorspelbaarheid van vroege ervaringen op mentale stoornissen - Baram et al
- Openbaarmaking van seksueel misbruik bij kinderen: een model - Goodman-Brown et al
- Overtreding onder ouderen - Curtice et al
- Scheidingservaringen in de kindertijd voorspellen hormonale respons van de HPA as in late volwassenheid - Pesonen et al
- Seksueel misbruik bij kinderen en zwangerschap tijdens de adolescentie - Noll et al
- Seksueel misbruik bij kinderen, een case study - Leander et al
- Seksuele problemen en PTSS na seksueel trauma: Een meta-analyse - O'Driscoll et al
- Telomeren en tegenspoed:
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