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"Behavior is the only objective measure of the psyche"
This statement is:
What is the name of the issue of whether properties are genetically or environmentally determined?
What is the question of whether the mind and body coexist, or whether the mind is an experience of the brain, called?
Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. Da Vinci thought that all sensory information arrived in one part of the brain.
II. Descartes thought that the body and the mind influenced each other.
Which answer is incorrect?
The belief that behavior is caused by unconscious mental processes that we are not aware of is called:
Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. According to Darwin, species change through targeted, specific gene mutations.
II. Darwin called the idea that species with favorable hereditary traits have an advantage over species that do not have these traits.
Within psychology, there are a number of different levels of analysis. Which does not belong?
Many people consider traveling by airplane scarier than by car. This is an example of:
Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. The purpose of contemporary psychology is to understand people's mental activity and behavior.
II. People try to prI and II are both incorrectedict the behavior of others based on intuition and these ideas are often true.
Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. Developmental psychologists look at developments that take place from youth to adulthood
II. Work psychologists try to ensure that the productivity of a company is as high as possible.
B. False
C. Nature-nurture debate
B. Body-mind problem
C. I and II are both correct
D. Titchener was a student of Wundt and came up with functionalism.
A. Psychoanalysis
D. I and II are both incorrect
D. Organic approach
B. mental heuristics
A. I is correct, II is incorrect
D. I and II are both incorrect
There are three research methods. Which is not one of them?
Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. In cross-sectional studies, two different age groups are examined at the same time and compared.
II. In longitudinal research, there is a danger that differences are caused by things other than the age difference, such as cohort effects.
There are three problems in correlation research. Which of these is not one of them?
A study measures how people drive when they drink. How people drive is the ... variable and how much they drink is the ... variable.
To get a representative sample, use arbitrary ..., and to create equal groups, use arbitrary ....
Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. It is possible that a measuring instrument is valid but not accurate.
II. Systematic errors are less serious than random errors because they occur across all spectrums
Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. An investigation is reliable if the measuring instrument measures what it has to measure.
II. The validity of a study indicates the degree to which an experimental measurement is free from errors.
Indicate which statement is incorrect.
Indicate which statement is correct.
What is meant by Occam's Razor or Law of Thrift?
C. Scientific design
A. I is correct, II is incorrect
C. The causation problem
A. dependent, independent
D. sampling, allocation
A. I is correct, II is incorrect
D. I and II are both incorrect
C. The standard deviation specifies how far each value is from the mode.
B. A good theory must produce testable hypotheses.
C. That a simple theory is preferred over a complex theory, if multiple theories are possible.
Indicate which statement is incorrect.
The receivers of a neuron are called ..., the information sender is called ..., the place where the communication between neurons takes place is called ... and the insulating layer around an axon is called ...
Put in the correct order of an action potential: 1) hyperpolarization, 2) depolarization, 3) absolute refractory period, 4) repolarization, 5) resting potential.
Indicate which statement is correct.
Indicate which statement is correct.
Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. Ova and sperm are also called gametes.
II. Mutations always have an impact and always provide an advantage in survival and reproduction.
Indicate which statement is incorrect.
The nervous system can be divided into ... and it .... The peripheral nervous system can be divided into ... and it ....
Indicate which statement is correct.
The ... is important for tactile and spatial orientation, the ... for planning and movement, the ... for hearing, detailed visual perception and memory, and the ... for vision.
Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. Both men and women have testosterone and estradiol in their body.
II. The pituitary gland is controlled by the hypothalamus to allow hormone glands to release their hormones.
Indicate which statement is incorrect.
Which statement is correct?
Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. Psychophysiological measurements measure physical changes with, for example, a polygraph, EEG, PET scan, MRI, fMRI or TMS.
II. Electrical activity in the brain can be measured using brain imaging techniques.
A. Motor neurons are afferent neurons that allow movement.
D. dendrites, axon, synapse, meyelin sheath
B. 5, 2, 4, 1, 3
C. GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter and inhibits action potentials
C. The genotype consists of all properties that can be observed from an organism
A. I is correct, II is incorrect
B. Mono and fraternal twins are approximately 100% genetically equal.
A. central nervo5, 2, 4, 1, 3us system, peripheral nervous system, somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system
D. The hippocampus is important for forming memories
B. parietal lobe, frontal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe
C. I and II are both correct
D. The death of neurons is called neurogenesis.
C. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spine.
A. I is correct, II is incorrect
Indicate which statement is incorrect.
Indicate which statement is correct.
A doctor examines four X-rays. In the first he sees nothing and there is nothing (...). In the second, there is an early stage of cancer, but the doctor doesn't see it (...). In the third, there is an early stage of cancer, and the doctor sees it (...). In the fourth, the doctor thinks he sees something, but there is nothing (...).
Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. Smell is the only sense that does not send its information to the amygdala.
II. Pain nerves can be divided into two types: fast and slow fiber. Fast fibers are for immediate pain and slow for long-term, chronic pain.
Indicate the correct order in which a sound passes through the ear: 1) oval window, 2) eardrum, 3) basilar membrane, 4) stirrup, 5) anvil, 6) hammer.
Indicate the order in which we see light: 1) retina, 2) optic nerve, 3) lens, 4) cornea, 5) optic chiasm.
Indicate which statement is incorrect.
Indicate which statement is incorrect.
Indicate which statement is correct.
Indicate which statement is correct.
Indicate which statement is correct.
Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. Gate control theory states that pain receptors must be activated before pain signals can reach the brain. Receptors can only send signals when the gate is open. These gates can only be closed by administering medication.
II. Focusing on a painful stimulus, fatigue and / or stress can actually open the gate and enhance the experience of pain.
B. Sensation is the processing and interpretation of a sensory signal
D. The absolute threshold is the minimum intensity that a stimulus must have to be perceived
C. correct rejection, miss, hit, false alarm
B. I is incorrect, II is correct
A. 2, 6, 5, 4, 1, 3
C. 4, 3, 1, 2, 5
B. Lateral inhibition causes us to see contrast
D. The law of similarity means that we see lines as continuous, even if they are interrupted
B. Bottom-up processing processes the object from details to generalities
A. The hue of a color depends on the wavelength of the light when it reaches the eye
D. Women are better at identifying and remembering scents than men
B. I is incorrect, II is correct
Indicate which statement is incorrect.
Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. In blind vision, blind people have limited visual capabilities, but they are not aware of this.
II. With subliminal perception we are aware of a stimulus, after which it is processed.
Indicate which statement is correct.
With the disorder ... people just fall asleep during the day; at ... people sometimes suddenly stop breathing during sleep and startled awake; at ... people move during their sleep and depict their dreams. When ... people dream that they are not sleeping.
Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. The primary function of sleep is recovery.
II. The pituitary gland produces melatonin, which is released by the pineal gland after signals from the hypothalamus.
Indicate which statement is correct.
Indicate which statement is incorrect.
Indicate which statement is correct.
Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. Alcohol has an effect on the neurotransmitters GABA and dopamine: Dopamine has an inhibiting effect and makes people feel relaxed after drinking alcohol.
II. Certain behaviors that are thought to arise from alcohol consumption occur because of these expectations.
Indicate which of these statements is correct.
C. In locked-in syndrome, someone is so focused on their work that they don't notice their surroundings
A. I is correct, II is incorrect
C. Theta waves occur when you have just fallen asleep.
C. narcolepsy, sleep apnea, REM behavior disorder, pseudo-insomnia
B. I is incorrect, II is correct
D. When you lose yourself in a fun activity you are in a flow
B. THC, the active ingredient in marijuana, provides relaxation and satisfaction, falls under the hallucinogens and is not a long-term problem
C. Information about light received by the eyes is sent to the suprachiasmatic nucleus
B. I is incorrect, II is correct
A. According to the activation synthesis hypothesis, the sleeping mind tries to understand the random firing of neuron by making a story out of it
Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. Operant conditioning teaches that two events coincide.
II. Classical conditioning teaches that a certain behavior leads to a result.
In his experiment, Pavlov called the bell the ..., drooling at the sight of the food the ..., drooling at the sound of the bell the ... and the food the ....
Indicate which statement is incorrect.
A ... does not directly fulfill a biological need, but works rewardingly because it is associated with a .... A ... decreases the chance of a behavior by removing a pleasant stimulus. With a ... something negative follows after a behavior.
Indicate which statement is incorrect.
When ... behavior occurs more often due to exposure to threats. ... is important for motivation, emotion, movement and reward. The ... plays a critical role in anxiety. If behavior decreases through repeated exposure to a stimulus, it is called ....
Indicate which statement is correct.
Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. Social learning is an adaptive mechanism for people and animals
II. There are two types of observational learning: modeling and indirect learning.
Indicate which statement is correct.
Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. The Premack principle is that a highly valued activity can be used to reward performance from a less valued activity.
II. Money is an example of a secondary amplifier.
D. I and II are both incorrect
A. conditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned response, unconditioned stimulus
C. Anxiety conditioning teaches to fear scary things
B. secondary amplifier, primary amplifier, negative punishment, positive punishment
D. With latent learning you can work on a sum for hours and suddenly understand it
B. sensitization, dopamine, amygdala, habituation
D. Mirror neurons may form the basis for feeling empathy
C. I and II are both correct
D. People who receive drugs that inhibit the effects of dopamine often find this difficult because the drugs make them feel that they can no longer have fun
C. I and II are both correct
With ... people do not notice major changes in their environment. Searching for two characteristics in a stimulus is called .... At ... you have to focus on the information that enters one ear and at ... you divide it into pieces so that you can remember it more easily.
Indicate which statement is incorrect.
The ... and the ... memory are two types of ... memory. Memory is part of memory.
Indicate which statement is incorrect.
At ... memories are modified by misinformation. Deliberately trying to forget something is called .... The process of forgetting things as time goes by is called .... Mismatching a memory is called ....
Indicate which statement is incorrect.
Indicate which statement is incorrect
Indicate which statement is incorrect.
Indicate which statement is correct.
Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. A newly developed mnemonic is from America and is called the loci method.
II. Reactive interference means that previous information inhibits the ability to remember new information.
C. change blindness, conjunction search task, shadows, chunking
B. Storage is the process of converting information into neural impulses
D. episodic, semantic, explicit, procedural, implicit
B. In elaborative rehearsal, an item is repeated until it is stored in memory
B. suggestibility, resistance, transience, misattribution
C. In confabulation, people think they have come up with a new idea, when in reality this is an old idea from memory
D. Epigenetic mechanisms are important for memory. A mechanism that promotes gene expression through HDAC enzymes could improve memory because more HDAC leads to more LTP
B. Visual sensory memory is called echoic memory
B. When learning at different times, all material is stored less well than when you try to learn everything at once
D. I and II are both incorrect
Indicate which statement is incorrect.
At ... we try to derive general rules from specific cases. At ... specific conclusions are drawn about general assumptions. At ... an argument consists of two assumptions and a conclusion. With ... one is true if the other is also true.
Indicate which statement is correct.
Sternberg stated that there are several types of intelligences. Which?
The Flynn effect is about:
Indicate which statement is incorrect.
Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. If people can choose from a wide variety of products in a store, it will attract more customers and usually buy more.
II. Maximizers always try to find the most suitable, the best alternative. They continue to have endless doubts about their choice and are often less satisfied afterwards.
Indicate which statement is incorrect.
Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. The smallest syllables that still have meaning are called phonemes.
II. The semantics of a language contain all rules that determine how words can be made from phrases and phrases from phrases.
A. a concept about the order in which a certain situation should proceed is called a script
C. inductive reasoning, deductive reasoning, categorical syllogisms, conditional syllogisms
D. availability heuristic means that information that is more easily remembered is seen as more prevalent
C. analytical, creative and practical intelligence
D. the rise in IQ scores over the past century
B. the prototype model assumes that you categorize something based on how similar it is to other members of the category.
A. I is correct, II is incorrect
A. if the Broca area is damaged, it is no longer possible to understand what spoken text means, but it can still produce speech
D. I and II are both incorrect
Indicate which statement is incorrect.
A period in which certain experiences have to be experienced so that the brain can develop normally is called:
Ainsworth distinguished between three types of bonding. Which is not included?
By what technique can researchers determine whether babies can distinguish between two objects?
Put the four phases of cognitive development of Piaget in the right order: 1) concrete operational phase, 2) sensorimotor phase, 3) formal operational phase, 4) pre-operational phase.
Indicate which statement is correct.
Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. According to the social intuition model, the moral decisions someone makes reflect the first automatic emotional response. When someone then thinks further, this reaction no longer has any influence.
II. The social-emotional selectivity theory states that older people know that they have little time left.
Indicate which statement is correct.
When does theory of mind arise?
Indicate whicGender roles are the frames of reference that influence how people perceive the behavior of men and womenh of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. As we age, our crystallized intelligence slowly declines.
II. As people age they become more difficult with tasks that depend on working memory and this is because the parietal and occipital lobes shrink.
D. In the fourth month, the fetus has a functioning nervous system
B. a critical period
B. Disorganized bonding
C. the preferred viewing technique
D. 2, 4, 1, 3
D. Gender roles are the frames of reference that influence how people perceive the behavior of men and women
B. I is incorrect, II is correct
D. Erikson's challenges in adulthood boil down to living a meaningful life
C. When children are about 5 years old
A. I is correct, II is incorrect
Indicate which statement is correct.
Schachter's theory is called the two factor theory and:
Baumeister states that there are three ways in which feelings of guilt strengthen mutual relationships. Which is not included?
Which statement is correct? Maslow developed a need hierarchy:
The Yerkes-Dodson law states that:
Indicate which statement is incorrect.
Indicate what is true about the amygdala.
Indicate which statement is correct.
Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. Having a sense of guilt strengthens the relationships between group members.
II. By blushing, the group knows that you are ashamed of your behavior and this will lead to exclusion by the group members.
Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. Much evidence has been found for Maslow's need hierarchy and idea of self-actualization.
II. The self-perception theory states that if we do something and then get a reward, we get the feeling that we didn't do this for ourselves
C. James Lange's theory states that we experience feelings based on our physical changes
B. states that a situation elicits a physical response and a cognitive interpretation
B. People who have had a cold and hard upbringing do not experience guilt when they do something wrong
D. in which self-actualization is the highest attainable, and for which all other needs must first be met
C. alertness and performance rise together to an optimal point
B. There is a reward for intrinsic motivation
D. The amygdala is part of the limbic system and information arrives via a fast and slow route
C. The affect-as-information theory states that people use their current emotional state to judge things
A. I is correct, II is incorrect
D. I and II are both incorrect
What theory holds that positive emotions cause people to come up with new solutions to their problems?
The HPA system:
Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. Taylor argues that women use the tend-and-befriend response by protecting their children and making friends with other groups so that they are safe.
II. Cannon states that men use the fight-or-flight response, in which the body prepares to flee by accelerating the heartbeat.
Selye introduced the terms alarm phase, resistance phase and exhaustion phase. These belong to:
At ... people evaluate their options and choose a kind of coping. At ... people take steps to confront the stressor. When people try to deal with a future stressor. At ... it is decided whether a stimulus is stressful or irrelevant.
Indicate which statement is correct.
Indicate which statement is correct.
Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. Social inclusion is the network of people who can help, encourage and advise in times of stress. The more people in this network, the better the results.
II. Testosterone is associated with mistrust and confidence is associated with better health.
Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. Positive revaluation is a good way to deal with difficult situations. An example of this is comparing yourself to people who are worse off.
II. Emotion-oriented coping in which you try to avoid the stressor is a good way to deal with stressors.
Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. Anticipatory coping consists of 3 evaluation methods.
II. Secondary valuation makes decisions about whether a stimulus is stressful or irrelevant.
C. the broaden-and-build theory
A. causes the hypothalamus to stimulate the pituitary gland to secrete another hormone, leading to the adrenal glands to secrete cortisol
A. I is correct, II is incorrect
C. the general adaptation syndrome
B. secondary valuation, problem-oriented coping, anticipatory coping, primary valuation
A. It is not a major hazard if your BMI is slightly above the recommended amount
B. The immune system is the body's mechanism for eliminating micro-organisms such as bacteria and viruses
B. I is incorrect, II is correct
A. I is correct, II is incorrect
D. I and II are both incorrect
People tend to explain the behavior of others using personal attributions rather than situational attributions. This is called:
Lisa does not invite Sean to her birthday because he is dark-skinned. This is an example of:
If you are not aware of an attitude, this is .... If you are aware of it, it is .... The first type of attitude can be measured with a ..., the second type with a. ...
The elaboration likelihood model states that:
Social loafing occurs when:
When we do things that benefit others, this is called:
Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. The social brain hypothesis states that primates have the largest brains, especially the prefrontal cortex because they live in dynamic and complex social groups.
II. Transitivity means that people often unconsciously try to distance themselves from the people around them by, for example, liking other things, etc.
Indicate which statement is incorrect.
Indicate which statement is incorrect.
What happened when students were told that others drink less than they think?
B. fundamental attribution error
C. discrimination
A. implicit, explicit, IAT, self-report
D. there are two ways to change an attitude through conviction: the peripheral and the central route
D. people work less hard in a group than when they are alone
C. prosocial behavior
A. I is correct, II is incorrect
A. According to the risky-shift effect, people are more likely to shift the responsibility of making a good decision to other members of the group
D. According to the mere exposure effect, we develop a positive attitude towards an item if we are increasingly exposed to an item
C. Students who drank too much started drinking less, but students who drank too little started drinking more
Which statement is incorrect? Freud stated:
that the unconscious forces influence behavior.
that there is an unconscious force that functions on the principle of pleasure: the id.
that the mind can be divided into the unconscious, pre-conscious and conscious.
that the superego tries to find a middle way to satisfy needs but to remain moral.
Put Freud's psychosexual phases in the right order: 1) latent phase, 2) anal phase, 3) genital phase, 4) oral phase, 5) phallic phase.
1, 4, 3, 2, 5
4, 2, 5, 1, 3
2, 5, 4, 3, 1
4, 1, 2, 3, 5
Indicate which statement is incorrect.
In Eysenck's model, the three major features are extraversion vs. Introversion, emotional stability and psychoticism.
People with an internal locus of control believe that they have control over their fate and their behavior.
The Big Five consists of neuroticism, pleasantness, extraversion, empathy and openness.
Using factor analysis, Cattell discovered sixteen dimensions of personality.
What two ways of studying personality are there, according to Allport?
Objective and projective tests
Idiographic and nomothetic approaches
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and NEO-PI
Rorschach inkblot test and California Q-sort
Determine activity level, emotionality and sociability:
arousability
Interaction
temperament
level of alertness
Gray believed in the existence of:
the behavioral activation system and the behavioral inhibition system.
the ascending reticular activating system.
the early experiential calibration system.
situationism and interactionism.
People use a number of strategies to maintain high self-esteem. Which is not included?
The self-serving bias.
Self-evaluative maintenance.
The better-than-average effect.
Reflective appraisal.
Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect. I. Self-evaluative maintenance means that people feel threatened when others perform a task better than themselves. II. A narrative is the life story that a psychologist can write through a number of introductory sessions with the client.
I is correct, II is incorrect
I is incorrect, II is correct
I and II are both correct
I and II are both incorrect
Which statement is incorrect?
According to Skinner, behavior is a result of external processes.
According to Rotter, behavior is a function of the reward that people expect to receive for it.
According to Mischel, you can predict behavior well on the basis of personality traits.
According to Bandura, self-efficacy is an important predictor of behavior.
Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect. I. In Collectivist cultures, such as those that mainly occur in America, people more often have interdependent self-constructs. II. In individualistic cultures, people often have independent self-constructs, self-concepts based on the unique self.
I is correct, II is incorrect
I is incorrect, II is correct
I and II are both correct
I and II are both incorrect
D
B
C
B
C
A
D
A
C
B
What is the name of the system that the DSM uses to diagnose people?
The socio-cultural model states that:
Anna sometimes suddenly has a bout of intense fear, where she has chest pain, dizziness and tingling hands and feels like she is dying. She is most likely diagnosed with:
What symptoms will a person be diagnosed with persistent major depressive disorder?
Symptoms of schizophrenia that take away something normal are called ... symptoms, symptoms that add something abnormal are called ... symptoms. Incorrect sensory perceptions are called ... incorrect beliefs based on a misinterpretation of the outside world ...
Which disorder is characterized by identity disturbances, inadequate impulse control, fear of being alone, emotional instability and self-harm?
In order to know when behaviors are caused by psychopathology, there are certain criteria that must be taken into account. Which one is not included?
Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. Evidence-based assessment is an approach in which research directs the evaluation of psychopathology, the selection of appropriate tests and the use of critical thinking in diagnosis.
II. An example of evidence-based diagnostics is when people who are anxious are also screened for depression because research has shown that the two often occur together.
Which statement is incorrect?
C. dimensional approach
A. symptoms within an individual should be considered within a social context
D. a panic disorder
C. Often feel down for a period of at least two years, but not severe enough to be called a major depression
C. negative, positive, hallucinations, delusions
B. Borderline personality disorder
C. is the behavior caused by biological factors or by a problematic family situation?
C. I and II are both correct
A. Children with autism spectrum disorders are often inattentive and often do not notice details in the environment
Which theory aims to change harmful thinking patterns?
What three types of psychotropic medications are there?
In which disorder is dialectical behavioral therapy applied?
Which treatment works best for autistic children?
Which therapy aims to treat the client as a whole?
Which statement is incorrect?
According to Barlow, there are three characteristics with which scientifically founded psychological treatments can be recognized, which do not belong?
Which statement is incorrect?
Which statement is correct?
D. Cognitive therapy
C. Anti-anxiety medications, antidepressants and antipsychotics
D. Borderline
D. Applied behavioral analysis
B. Client-centered therapy
C. Antipsychotics bind to and activate dopamine receptors. This increases the effects of dopamine
C. Treatments that are not evidence-based are not reimbursed by health insurance
C. Clozapine is also popular, but has a side effect of late diskinesia
A. If SSRIs are used in the treatment of adolescents with depression, a very low dose should be started slowly
Psychological science is the study of mind, brain and behaviour. Mind stands for mental activity, such as thoughts, feelings and perceptions. Mental activity is the result of biological (chemical) processes within the brain. Behaviour describes the totality of observable human (or animal) actions.
One of the aims of this textbook is to learn to think more critically. A critical attitude is required towards all kinds of information, especially information that seems logical. Scientists have to learn to be sceptical. Critical thinking involves systematic questioning and evaluation of the information at hand. It is important to ask critical questions and not to take information for granted. Critical thinkers have to look for alternative explanations of behaviour. Critical thinking involves looking for alternative explanations, detecting weak use of evidence and the use of logic. In addition, it is important to be open to new information and to examine whether a study might be influenced by personal or political interests. Also, think whether the used research designs are appropriate.
The aim of contemporary psychology is to understand mental activity and behaviour in humans. A psychologist tries to understand and predict the mental activity and behaviour and he looks at how people are being influenced by individual, social and biological factors. People are intuitive psychologists who try to understand and predict the behaviour of others, however, conclusions drawn based on intuition are often wrong. The science of psychology refers to research on the mind, the brain and behaviour. Mind is the mental activity, such a thoughts, feelings and perceptions. For example, when you are smelling fresh baked cookies you might think about times when you were a child helping your mother baking cookies. Mental activity is the result of biological (chemical) processes within the brain. The association between mind and brain has been discussed for years. Behaviour refers to observable actions in which humans and animals can engage. For a long time, behaviour was seen as the only objective measurement of the mind. The purpose of psychology is to understand mental activity, how people react differently to social situations and how to teach people healthy and unhealthy behaviours.
One of the aims of this textbook is to learn to think more critically. A critical attitude is required towards all kinds of information, especially information that seems logical. Scientists have to learn to be sceptical. Critical thinking involves systematic questioning and evaluation of the information at hand. It is important to ask critical questions and not to take information for granted. Often seemingly logical explanations are used for certain phenomena, for
.....read moreCognitive neuroscience got its name in the late seventies. Cognition means the process of understanding and neuroscience studies the organization and function of the nervous system. The major limitation that was present in the past was that there was no method to systematically and experimentally examine the psyche. Willis was the first to relate specific brain damage to behavioral disruptions. He developed a theory that described how information is transported through the brain (neuronal conduction). Thus, Willis stands at the beginning of the discipline of cognitive neuroscience.
Modern science is essentially concerned with the question of whether the brain works as a whole or in independent parts. In the nineteenth century, Gall and Spurzheim developed phrenology, based on Willis' proposition that isolated brain damage could affect behavior. Proponents of phrenology state that every part of the brain is involved in a specific function, such as language and personality traits. A total of 35 specific functions were distinguished. The fundamental idea of phrenology is that if a function is used more often, the corresponding part of the brain will grow, creating a bump. The personality could then also be determined by externally examining these bumps. Gall called this anatomical personology. He did not test his ideas, but his idea of specific functions and specific brain parts is in line with Willis' idea.
Flourens investigated the work of Gall. Based on animal research, he believed that the entire brain plays a role in behavior. He damaged the brains of animals and discovered that some parts of the brain were indeed responsible for specific functions, but that other functions, such as memory or cognition, were scattered throughout the brain. He concluded from this that the brain functioned as a whole. He called this idea the aggregate field theory.
Hughlings Jackson observed patients with brain damage and arrived at a topographical organization of
.....read moreThis bundle describes a summary of the book "Cognitive Neuroscience, the biology of the mind, by M. Gazzaniga (fourth edition)". The following chapters are used:
- 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 11, 12, 5/6/14 (combination).
"Behavior is the only objective measure of the psyche"
This statement is:
What is the name of the issue of whether properties are genetically or environmentally determined?
What is the question of whether the mind and body coexist, or whether the mind is an experience of the brain, called?
Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. Da Vinci thought that all sensory information arrived in one part of the brain.
II. Descartes thought that the body and the mind influenced each other.
Which answer is incorrect?
The belief that behavior is caused by unconscious mental processes that we are not aware of is called:
Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. According to Darwin, species change through targeted, specific gene mutations.
II. Darwin called the idea that species with favorable hereditary traits have an advantage over species that do
"Behavior is the only objective measure of the psyche"
This statement is:
What is the name of the issue of whether properties are genetically or environmentally determined?
What is the question of whether the mind and body coexist, or whether the mind is an experience of the brain, called?
Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. Da Vinci thought that all sensory information arrived in one part of the brain.
II. Descartes thought that the body and the mind influenced each other.
Which answer is incorrect?
The belief that behavior is caused by unconscious mental processes that we are not aware of is called:
Indicate which of these statements is / are correct or incorrect.
I. According to Darwin, species change through targeted, specific gene mutations.
II. Darwin called the idea that species with favorable hereditary traits have an advantage over species that do
What does phrenology mean?
Explain what rationalism and empiricism entails.
What are the things cognitive neuroscience is a combination of?
Why is there a major progress in cognitive neuroscience in the second half of the twentieth century?
Phrenologists believed that specific brain areas were specialized for special functions. If a function were to be used more often, the related brain area would grow and cause a lump on the skull. By reading the lumps on the skull, phrenologists believed they could investigate someone's skills and personality traits.
Rationalism states that knowledge comes from reasoning. From empirism came the idea of associationism: the opinion that all knowledge comes from sensory experience.
The term cognitive neuroscience was introduced in the 1970s when ideas of neurology and psychology were brought together. Cognition means the process of understanding and neuroscience studies the organization and function of the nervous system.
Through the emergence of non-invasive methods to investigate brain structure, metabolism and brain function, such as ECG, CAT, PET, MRI and fMRI.
What is the difference between dendrites and axons?
What is myelin and what does it take care of?
What is the difference between depolarization and hyperpolarization?
There are four criteria that a substance must meet to get the name neurotransmitter. Name these criteria.
When neurotransmitters have done their job, they must be removed from the synaptic cleft. In
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