Cognitive Psychology by K. Gilhooly, F. Lyddy, and F. Pollick (first edition) - Book summary
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Memory allows us to encode, store and retrieve information. Encoding is the function by which information is coded in a form that allows it to be stored in memory. Storage is the function by which information is retained in memory. Retrieval is the function by which information is recollected as needed. There are several types of memory:
Sensory memory can be easily disrupted. Masking refers to reduced perception of a visual stimulus when another stimulus is presented in spatial or temporal proximity to it. The stimulus onset asynchrony refers to the time between the onset of a stimulus and the presentation of a mask. Recognition of visual stimuli increases as the time of the mask is later after the original visual stimuli. There are several modality-specific sub-stores in the sensory memory:
Holcombe states that visual processes can be categorized into two groups:
Short-term memory holds information in consciousness, It provides temporary storage of active information and has a limited capacity. Atkinson introduced the modal model. It proposes that there are three memory stores, the sensory register, the short-term store and the long-term store. According to the modal model, information is first registered in the sensory store and salient information is transferred to the short-term memory store. The type of processing carried out will determine whether information will be stored in the long term memory store. There are several ways of information processing:
The assumptions of the modal model were that there are separate memory stores, processing in the short-term memory store determines the memory storage in the long-term memory and that short-term memory is a limited capacity. The digit span task is a measure of the short-term memory and tests the number of digits a person can recall. Chunking increases the capacity of short-term memory. Chunking refers to a strategy to improve memory by grouping smaller units together into a larger unit or chunk.
The recency effect refers to the tendency to recall the things of the end of a list more readily than items from the middle. Performance is also relatively good for items at the start of the list. This is called the primacy effect. The negative recency effect is the tendency to recall items at the end of a list poorer than items at the beginning of a list. The double dissociation of function refers to the contrasting patterns of deficit in two patients or patient groups which provides evidence for functionally independent systems.
Working memory is the workbench of human cognition. It is the collection of mental processes that permit information to be held temporarily in an accessible state, in service of some mental task. Working memory may have three definitions:
In Cowan’s embedded processes model, memory within the focus of attention, the time-limited active memory (no conscious awareness) and the long-term memory form the working memory. Baddeley’s working memory model proposes three main components to working memory:
The phonological loop is specialized for speech-based information. It holds as many verbal items as a person can say in about two seconds. It uses an articulatory control process, which allows the maintenance of information in the store and converts visual information (e.g: written text) to a speech-based form. There is plenty of evidence for the phonological loop:
The visuospatial sketchpad is specialized for dealing with visual and spatial information. It has the capacity of about three to four objects. A visual cache stores information relating to visual form and an inner scribe allows spatial processing. There is selective interference of visual and spatial working memory tasks.
The central executive is the workhorse and mastermind of human cognition. It is active in controlling active information. There are two types of cognitive control:
These control systems allow three levels of functioning:
People with damage to the prefrontal cortex or if the prefrontal cortex hasn’t been developed fully yet find it difficult to inhibit responses and switch between tasks. This can be seen in several things:
The dysexecutive syndrome refers to a range of deficits reflect problems with executive function and control and is often associated with injury to the frontal areas of the brain. The episodic buffer is a temporary storage structure of limited capacity that is controlled by the central executive and allows information from different sources to be integrated. It is an interface between the modality-specific systems of working memory and long-term memory.
This bundle contains everything you need to know for the third interim exam of Introduction to Psychology for the University of Amsterdam. It uses the book "Cognitive Psychology by K. Gilhooly, F. Lyddy, and F. Pollick (first edition)". The bundle contains the following chapters:
- 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.
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This bundle describes a summary of the book "Cognitive Psychology by K. Gilhooly, F. Lyddy, and F. Pollick (first edition)". The following chapters are used:
- 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14.
This bundle contains everything you need to know for the third interim exam of Introduction to Psychology for the University of Amsterdam. It uses the book "Cognitive Psychology by K. Gilhooly, F. Lyddy, and F. Pollick (first edition)". The bundle contains the
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