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DPP HC4 - School attendance problems

School refusal --> niet in de DSM als stoornis, maar als symptoom van seperation anxiety

Truancy--> niet in de DSM als stoornis, maar als symptoom van conduct disorder 

Onderwerpen zijn geen DSM stoornissen, maar worden er wel in genoemd.

Wat is het probleem van absentie: achterlopen in lezen en rekenen. Risico van het gebruik van alcohol, drugs, stelen. Later werkloos. Family funcition kan een oorzaak en een gevolg zijn. Zwaar voor de leraren. Zwaar voor de community (hogere criminaliteit).

Normal vis-a-vis problematic

Wanneer is spijbelen niet meer normaal: Het is normaal om niet 100% absent te zijn op school, het is normaal om er niet elke dag te zijn. Een beetje non-attendence is normaal, maar wat is dan abnormaal: 12%-15% absentie over een aantal weken (volgens meerdere standaarden)

  • Geoorloofd vs ongeoorloofd 
  • Legitimate?: 
    • Normaal: als je ziek bent of je hebt een begrafenis
    • Abnormaal: als je moeder je mee neemt shoppen 

Normaal: absence agreed upon by parents and school, and no detriment to the child

Problematic: 1) missed > 25% of total school time for 2 or more weeks; 2) Nederlandse wet: 12-15% gemist in periode van 4 weken met een significante verstoring van het dagelijkse leven; Verschillende landen hebben verschillende regels, het vinden van prevalentiecijfers is daarom niet goed te doen.

Types of attendance problems:

  • School refusal
  • Truancy
  • School withdrawal
  • School exclusion 

School refusal: (child motivated) 

  1. reluctance or refusal to attend
  2. usually at home
  3. severe emotional upset
  4. absence of antisocial characteristics
  5. reasonable parental efforts --> maakt onderscheid tussen vanuit het kind of vanuit de ouders

Truancy: vaak spijbelen bij kinderen die het niet goed doen (academische gezien) (child motivated)

  1. absence is willful
  2. without parent knowledge
  3. without parental consent.
  4. student conceals non-attendance
  5. student avoids home when absent

Overlap tussen school refusal and truancy --> ja, bij school attendace problems vertonen kinderen zowel refusal als truancy (5-17%), hoe categoriseer/diagnosticeer je het dan?

Anxiety/ depressie zie je meer bij kinderen met SR dan bij TR.

SR, not TR:

  • Bullied 
  • Attendend dangerous school

TR > SR:

  • Special education needs
  • Low parent monitoring

TR, not SR:

  • Lax parental supervision 
  • Impoverished home setting

! School refusal behaviour parapluterm voor school refusal en truancy.

School withdrawal: parent motivated 

De reden: oudergerelateerd

  • De ouders hebben bepaalde behoeftes (fysiek/mentaal) of bedrijf 
  • Condoned absence/covert support for non-attendance
  • Parant deliberatly keeps a child at home: zelf slechte ervaringen met school, ouders mogen iemand van de school niet.

Ook overlap tussen school refusal en school withdrawal.

School exclusion: school motivated 

  • Schorsen 

School refusal

Truancy

School withdrawal

1 - 2 %

5 - 20

Common

Onset peaks 5-6, 11-12

Increase with age

 

M=F

M>F or M = F

 

Mixed SES

Disadvantaged SES

 

Mixed achievement

[Poor achievement]

 

Internalizing disorders

Externalizing disorders

 

Causal and maintaining factors

Assess --> Understand --> Respond

1. Predisposing factors 

(causal, distal)

  • Anxious temperament (aanleg
  • Isolated at school
  • Parental distress

2. Precipitating factors

(causal, proximal)

  • Bullying
  • Socially excludes
  • Separation/divorce

3. Perpetuation factors

(maintaining; push-pull effect)

  • Avoidance of worry while at school
  • Fear of questions about absence
  • Push away from school
  • Pull towards home
    • TV

4. Protective factors

  • Supportive school staff

 

School refusal Assessment scale(School refusal behaviour): verschillende factoren

  1. avoidance of negative0affactivity provoking stimuli--> negative reinforcement: je niet fijn voelen op school 
  2. escape from aversive social/evaluative situations--> negative reinforcement:  social skills opbouwen 
  3. attention-seeking/seperation anxiety--> positive reinforcement: behandeling gefocust op de ouders 
  4. behaviour yielding positive tangible reinforcement--> positive reinforcement: focus op ouders en kind, problem-solving

SR zien problemen als onoplosbaar

  • Less cognitive reappraisal, more suppresion 

Youth factors: anxiety/depressie; somatische klachten; slechte emotionele regulatie; afwezigheid; low self-efficacy; negative thinking; limited problem-solving; developmental factors; Naar school gaan, bestaat uit 2 stappen: het verlaten van de ouders en het vormen van nieuwe groepen.

Family related factors: ouder psychopathologie; overbescherming; family functioning problemen; Wanneer een ouder een ziek kind thuis laat blijven, zal het kind zich beter gaan voelen. De ouder zal zich beter gaan voelen over dat het kind thuis blijft. Negative feelings and interations are avoided.

School factors: academische problemen, pesten, slechte relatie tussen leerling en leraar, isolatie, eenzaamheid. 

Community factor 

Pathways over time

Het missen van school geeft developmental disruption en langetermijn problemen.

Educationally

Socially

emotionally

Employment problems

Mental health problems

Reduced quality of life

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