Examtests with Introduction to Behavioral Research Methods by Leary - 6th edition

What are the important elements for research in the behavioural sciences? - ExamTests 1

Questions

Question 1

In which phase of a study is the working hypothesis formulated?

1. Observation
2. Induction
3. Deduction
4. Review

Question 2

Take a look at the two definitions of the concept of ‘performance motivation’ below.

1. Someone has the goal to build a house of cards which exists of 10 floors. Performance motivation refers to the number of times someone tries to reach this goal before giving up.
2. Performance motivation is the ability to move oneself towards a certain achievement.

Are these definitions conceptual or operational?

1. Both are operational
2. Both are conceptual
3. I is operational; II is conceptual
4. I is conceptual; II is operational

Question 3

A researcher wants to study to what extent giftedness in children in primary school is associated with behavioral problems in the classroom. What kind of research is fit to study this research question?

1. Descriptive research
2. Correlational research
3. Experimental research
4. Quasi-experimental research

Question 4

A study examines the relationship between gender, age and social skills. Which of these variables can only be an independent variable?

1. Sex
2. Age
3. Sex and age
4. All three variables can be both dependent and independent variables.

Question 5

When a hypothesis arises because a researcher thinks there is a certain coherence in the data based on previous research, this hypothesis is based on:

1. Deduction
2. Falsification
3. Strong inference
4. Empirical generalization

Answerindication

Question 1

C. Deduction

Question 2

C. I is operational; II is conceptual

Question 3

B. Correlational research

Question 4

C. Sex and age

Question 5

D. Empirical generalization

What does variability mean? - ExamTests 2

Questions

Question 1

We compare the averages of three groups with each other and want to determine the explained variance. The group averages are 4.2, 6.1 and 8.3, while the large average (calculated over all persons) is 6.3. How big is the contribution of a person in the first group to the SS(in between)?

1. 4.2
2. 4.2²
3. -(2.1)²
4. (-2.1) ²

Question 2

We want to explain a certain variable Y from another variable X. What applies to the sums of squares?

1. SS(Y) = SS(Inside) + SS(Between)
2. SS(Intermediate) = SS(Y) + SS(Inside)
3. SS(Inside) = SS(Intermediate) + SS(Y)
4. None of the first three alternatives

Question 3

If in an experiment the dependent variable (Y) is partly explained by the independent variable (X), the total variance of Y can be split into:

1. Treatment variance + error variance
2. Confound variance + error variance
3. Systematic variance + between groups variance
4. Systematic variance + within groups variance

Answerindication

Question 1

D. (-2.1)²

Question 2

A. SS(Y) = SS(Inside) + SS(Between)

Question 3

D. Systematic variance + within groups variance

How can behavior be measured? - ExamTests 3

Questions

Question 1

In a study the variable Intelligence is measured in the following way:

1. = IQ lower than 80
2. = IQ between 81 and 90
3. = IQ between 91 and 110
4. = IQ between 111 and 120
5. = IQ higher than 120

What measurement level does this variable have?

1. Nominal
2. Ordinal
3. Interval
4. Ratio

Question 2

Reliability relates to ... errors; you can determine the extent to which these errors are present / play a role, by means of ... .

1. Random-; Repeated measurement
2. Random-; Measuring with two different instruments
3. Systematic; Repeated measurement
4. Systematic; Measurement with two different instruments

Question 3

A study advisor tries to predict study success. He takes a questionnaire from a group of prospective students that measures motivation. At the end of their first year, he examines whether these students have successfully completed their study year. He then determines the correlation with the scores on the motivation questionnaire. What kind of validity is involved here?

1. Concurrent criterion validity
2. Predictive criterion validity
3. Convergent construct validity
4. Discriminatory construct validity

Question 4

A researcher has determined that higher levels of testosterone in men are associated with increased risky behavior while driving. In a follow-up study, he finds the same relationship in a sample of women. What kind of validity is this an example of?

1. Statistical conclusion validity
2. Internal validity
3. External validity
4. Construct validity

Question 5

Someone claims that Hanna's score on a variable is twice as big as Oscar's score. What measurement level does the variable need to have in order to make this statement?

1. Nominal
2. Ordinal
3. Interval
4. Ratio

Answerindication

Question 1

B. Ordinal

Question 2

A. Random-; Repeated measurement

Question 3

B. Predictive validity

Question 4

C. External validity

Question 5

D. Ratio

What are the different approaches to psychological measurement? - ExamTests 4

Questions

Question 1

Leary mentions a number of pros and cons of open versus closed questions. Consider the following two statements:

1. A disadvantage of closed questions is that the researcher has no control over the answer that the respondent gives.
2. A disadvantage of closed questions is that their processing takes more time.

Here applies:

1. Both theorems are correct
2. Only statement I is correct
3. Only proposition II is correct
4. Both statements are incorrect

Question 2

In his book, Leary discusses four categories of data collection methods. Which of the alternatives below does not belong to one of those categories?

1. Observation
2. Self-reporting
3. Content-analysis
4. Archival research

Answerindication

Question 1

D. Both statements are incorrect

Question 2

C. Content analysis

How can participants be selected? - ExamTests 5

Questions

Question 1

A researcher wants to know to what extent nicotine use is related to study results. She puts up a note on a bulletin board in the FSW building calling on smoking students to participate in the study. 62 students have signed up. This sample of students is called a:

1. Nonprobability sample
2. Stratified random sample
3. Multistage cluster sample
4. Systematic sample

Question 2

In a study into residents of penal institutions in the Netherlands, a number of institutions are randomly drawn from the complete list of Dutch penal institutions. This is a:

1. Simple random sample
2. Systematic sample
3. Stratified random sample
4. Multistage cluster sample

Answerindication

Question 1

A. Nonprobability sample

Question 2

D. Multistage cluster sample

What does descriptive research consist of? - ExamTests 6

Questions

Question 1

What is the only suitable measure of central tendency at a variable measured at nominal measurement level?

1. Variance
2. Mode
3. Median
4. Mean

Question 2

Look at the following five-number-summary: 4 – 15 – 37 – 39 – 43 Which of the current statements is incorrect?

1. The interquartile distance (interquartile range) is equal to 24
2. The distribution is skewed to the left
3. The value 4 should be considered as a biter according to the rule of thumb
4. The median is equal to 37

Question 3

Below is a frequency table of the variable Intelligence:

What is the cumulative absolute frequency associated with the category 'IQ between 111 and 120'?:

1. .45
2. .92
3. 45
4. 92

Question 4

Given are the 100-meter times of a sprinter from the last four races: 10.9, 11.2, 11.0 and 11.3. What is the standard deviation of these results?

1. 0.100
2. 0.158
3. 0.183
4. 0.316

Question 5

Scores of 500 children have been obtained on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). These scores appear to be normally divided by μ = 105 and σ = 12. What percentage of the children have a WISC score between 100 and 120 ?

1. 21.14
2. 33.72
3. 55.72
4. 89.44

Question 6

Again use the data from the previous assignment (N(105,12)). The 20% lowest scoring children want to be offered extra education. What is the highest WISCscore where one wants to offer a child this extra education?

1. 89.15
2. 94.92
3. 99.67
4. 104.20

Question 7

Consider the following two statements about the normal distribution and z-scores.

1. The normal distribution has an average equal to 0 and a standard deviation equal to 1.
2. Zscores are normally distributed.

Here applies:

1. Both theorems are correct
2. Only statement I is correct
3. Only proposition II is correct
4. Both statements are incorrect

Question 8

The service life of incandescent lamps is normally divided by μ = 480 and σ = 50, according to the manufacturer's instructions. Someone has kept track of the fact that he bought 200 light bulbs in his life and that 20% of them had to be replaced within 400 hours. To see if he has been lucky with that, he examines how many lamps need to be replaced according to the manufacturer's information.

1. The man was lucky, because according to the statement there should be 11 pieces after 400 hours
2. The man was unlucky, because according to the statement there should be 11 pieces after 400 hours
3. The man was lucky, because according to the statement there should be 44 pieces after 400 hours
4. The man was unlucky, because according to the statement there should be 44 pieces after 400 hours

Question 9

Immediately after a M&T exam, eleven randomly chosen students checked how many of the 40 questions they answered correctly. These scores are shown in the voting plot below.

1. 2 6 6
2. 0 8 9
3. 1
4. 4 6 8 9

Determine the value of the Median. This is equal to:

1. 19
2. 9
3. 19.5
4. 5

Question 10

In the population of anorexic patients who are under treatment, the variable ‘Weight’ is normally distributed with an average of 47 and a variance 23.04. What is the probability that the weight of a randomly chosen person from this population is: 40 < Weight < 50?

1. 0.6636
2. 0.8078
3. 0.8327
4. 0.9812

Answerindication

Question 1

B. Mode

Question 2

B. The distribution is skewed to the left

Question 3

B. . 92

Question 4

C. 0.183

Question 5

C. 55.72

Question 6

C. 99.67

Question 7

D. Both statements are incorrect

Question 8

B. The man was unlucky, because according to the statement there should be 11 pieces after 400 hours

Question 9

A. 19

Question 10

A. 0.6636

What does correlational research consist of? - ExamTests 7

Questions

Question 1

There are scores of 5 people which are obtained on 3 different scales that measure attitude towards religion. We assume that these scales have an interval measurement level. The scores are in the following table:

The Wilkie-Brown and the Soper Scale are:

1. Very likely positively correlated
2. Very likely negatively correlated
3. Probably not correlated
4. Not suitable for calculating a correlation with it

Question 2

Use the table of the previous question again. What is the value of the covariance between the St. Peter Scale and the Soper Scale?

1. 0.0
2. 4.5
3. 6.2
4. 7.4

Question 3

Look at the following two theorems regarding the Pearson r:

1. To be able to conclude that there is a cause-effect relationship between the variables X and Y , the Pearson’s r between X and Y must be positive.
2. To be able to interpret Pearson’s r between two variables, a linear coherence is desirable, but not necessary

Here applies:

2. Both theorems are correct
3. Only statement I is correct
4. Only proposition II is correct
5. Both statements are incorrect

Question 4

If we find Pearson r of .78 between two numeric variables, while inspection of the corresponding point cloud shows that the relationship is clearly curvilinear, then the following applies:

1. Despite the correlation found, there is actually no link
2. There is probably a connection, but that Pearson r is not the right means to use
3. There are supposedly outliers
4. The two variables are probably not normally distributed

Question 5

A researcher looks at the relationship between the extent to which someone is open to new experiences (X, where 0 = not at all and 10 = completely) and how far someone travels from home for holiday (Y in 100 km). The data is shown in the point cloud below. Based on this data, what is the best conclusion we can draw about the relationship between these two variables?

1. People who are more open to new experiences travel on average more for their holiday destination.
2. On average, people who are more open to new experiences travel less far for their holiday destination.
3. On average, people who are open to new experiences travel further for their holiday destination than people who are less open to new experiences.
4. The extent to which someone is open to new experiences is not related to the travel distance to the holiday destination.

Question 6

A company psychologist has checked for 200 managers what their blood pressure (X) is and how much profit (Y) their company makes. With this data he calculates the mean, variance and covariance: x̄ = 80 and s_x = 5; ȳ= 60, s_y = 6 and s_xy = −15. What value does Pearson’s r have?

1. -0.50
2. 0.50
3. -0.17
4. 0.17

Answerindication

Question 1

B. Very likely negatively correlated

Question 2

A. 0.0

Question 3

B. Only proposition I is correct

Question 4

B. There is probably a bandage, but that Pearson r is not the right means to use

Question 5

D. The extent to which someone is open to new experiences is not related to the travel distance to the holiday destination.

Question 6

A. -0.50

What correlational techniques exist? - ExamTests 8

Questions

Question 1

A transport psychologist has found that the relationship between the driving speed (X in km/h) and the number of accidents (Y per year) of motor drivers, is:

y ˆ = 1 + 0.05*x

You know that Jansen usually drives at a speed of 160 km per hour. How many accidents will he make per year?

1. 80
2. 81
3. 9
4. 8

Answerindication

Question 1

C. 9

How is experimental research designed? - ExamTests 9

Questions

Question 1

Which of the following independent variables cannot be manipulated in an experiment?

1. Subject factors
2. Environmental factors
3. Invasive factors (e.g. physical change)
4. Instructions

Question 2

A social psychologist conducts a study with an experimental group (E) and a control group (C). He/she suspects that gender and IQ affect the dependent variable, and wants to bring these two disruptive variables under control. Very specifically, he/she wants the following:

1. The number of men (M) and women (V) must be the same in both conditions and
2. The average IQ scores of the E and C groups shall not differ by more than 10 points from each other.

To this end, he/she applies randomisation, which results in the following classification:

Average score per measurement

Does the result of this randomisation meet the requirements set by the researcher?

1. Yes, gender and IQ are both under control
2. No, gender is under control, but IQ is not
3. No, IQ is under control, but gender is not
4. No, gender and IQ are both out of control

Question 3

What effect is not a threat to the validity of an experimental study?

1. Testing
2. Selection
3. Randomization
4. Outburst

Answerindication

Question 1

A. Subject factors

Question 2

A. Yes, gender and IQ are both under control

Question 3

C. Randomization

How is an experimental design structured? - ExamTests 10

Questions

Question 1

The following Solomon 4 groups design is given (the numbers in parentheses indicate the group averages):

R I O₀ (3)... X ... O₁ (10)

R II O₀ (3) ... ... ... O₁ (7)

R III O₀ X ... O₁ (5)

R IV O₀ O₁ (4)

What is the best estimate for the effect of sensitization?

1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4

Question 2

In a pretest-posttest control group design

R I O₀ ... X ... O₁

R II O₀ ... ... ... O₁

one can determine the joint effect of:

1. Testing + Sensitization
2. Testing + History/Maturation
3. Treatment + Testing
4. Treatment + History/Maturation

Answerindication

Question 1

B. 2

Question 2

B. Testing + History/Maturation

How does the analysis of experimental data work? - ExamTests 11

Questions

Question 1

In a sample of 132 people, we examined the attitude towards the deployment of troops to Erithrea. A total of 96 respondents were in favour of broadcasting. It turns out that of the 79 men in the sample, 48 were for intervention. What is the best conclusion?

1. Men and women are equally in favour of broadcasting.
2. Men are relatively more for broadcast.
3. Women are relatively more in favour of broadcasting.
4. More men are for broadcast.

Answerindication

Question 1

C. Women are relatively more in favour of broadcasting

How do quasi-experimental designs look? - ExamTests 13

Questions

Question 1

In a interrupted time-series experiment, eight measurements were taken. The experimental procedure (a treatment for depression) took place between measurement 4 and 5. The researchers found:

Clearly visible in these results are:

1. Maturation and experimental intervention
2. Testing and experimental intervention
3. Testing and maturation
4. Maturation, testing and experimental intervention

Question 2

A trainer wants to improve the computer skills of a company's employees. To determine the current skill level, he took a test. He then offered the training to all employees. A week after the training, he again measured the computer skills. What is the correct scheme to describe the design of this study?

Answers indication

Question 1

B. Testing and experimental intervention

Question 2

C.

What is a single-case experiment? - ExamTests 14

Questions

Question 1

Leary discussed three categories of 'single-case experimal designs'. Which of the alternatives below does not belong in the list?

1. Group designs
2. Multiple baseline designs
3. ABA designs
4. Multiple-I designs

Answer indication

Question 1

A. Group designs.