- What psychotherapeutic views are there? - BulletPoints 1
- What is psychoanalysis and in what context should it be seen? - BulletPoints 2
- What does the client-oriented treatment look like? - BulletPoints 4
- When and how is behavioral therapy used? - BulletPoints 6
- How is cognitive therapy structured? - BulletPoints 7
- What forms of family therapy are there and when are they used? - BulletPoints 11
What psychotherapeutic views are there? - BulletPoints 1
- Scientific research into the unconscious started in the seventeenth century under the leadership of Leibniz. In the nineteenth century, the ideas of Mesmer and Schopenhauer were leading. They influenced Freud, Adler and Jung. Mesmer was considered to be the founder of hypnotherapy.
- Fechner and von Helmholtz were important scientists in the nineteenth century. They conducted research in cognitive science. Fechner investigated the sleep-wake rhythm and Von Helmholtz discovered the phenomenon ''unconscious inference'' - the unconscious representation of an object, constructed by knowledge from the past. Fechner and von Helmholtz's ideas are called the ''organicist tradition''.
- Schopenhauer published a work that was regarded as the basis of field of psychology. His idea was to treat mental disorders in a non-biological way. Carus suggested that the conscious communicates with the unconscious, while the person himself is not fully aware of this process. The researcher, Benedikt, developed a way to treat pathogenic secrets. This became an important part of Jung's analytical psychotherapy. Grawe argued that psychotherapy appears to have its effects through changes in gene expression at the neuronal level.
What is psychoanalysis and in what context should it be seen? - BulletPoints 2
- The basic concepts of the psychoanalysis are the unconsciousness, fantasy, primary/secondary processes and defense mechanisms. Beck and Ellis pioneered cognitive therapy, but their original area of expertise was again psychoanalysis.
- Freud's hypnosis therapy was not reliable enough to bring back lost memories. This led to Freud developing the free association technique. Freud's seduction theory stated that sexual problems were the origin of psychological problems. Later, he suggested that fantasy and instinctive drive were important. At the beginning of the twentieth century, Freud came up with his theory about the libido. This refers to the psychic energy that can be activated by both external and internal stimuli. Freud's work on the ego, superego and the id formed the basis of the structural theory. The object relationship theory describes the process of creating internal representations in relation to significant others. In the sixties of the twentieth century, Freud's theory was dropped.
- A therapist could never function as a white canvas because each therapist brings his own unique subjectivity. According to Klein, people are born with instinctive passions related to love and aggression, related to unconscious fantasies about interpersonal relationships. This already exists before meeting others.
- Examples of developmental stop models are Winnicot's development theory and Kohut's self-psychology. Countertransfer is the therapist's response to the patient, whether consciously or not. This response is the result of the therapist's unresolved conflicts. Interpretation is the therapist's attempt to help clients become aware of their intrapsychic experiences and unconscious relationship patterns.
- The mechanisms of the psychoanalysis include: turning the unconscious into conscious, reaching emotional insight, reconstructing memories and increasing self-representation. Psychoanalytic therapy is not suitable for everyone. The client must be willing to practice self-awareness and should not perceive the therapy as too threatening.
What does the client-oriented treatment look like? - BulletPoints 4
- Client-centered therapy originated in 1940 from Rogers' ideas. The client-centered approach differs from the medical approach by considering man as one individual, rather than emphasizing a diagnosis. Therapists who work according to client-centered approach, believe in the client's inner resources. These inner sources are focused on growth and self-awareness. The main conditions for client-centered therapy are congruence, unconditional acceptance and empathy.
- Gendlin's focus-oriented therapy is based on the experience processes in the body. A change of feeling occurs when one listens to bodily sensations. Rice's emotion-oriented therapy was based on the therapist's calling function. The therapist aims to increase the client's experience - to access his own emotions. Cain argues that emotion-oriented therapy is a mixture of client-centered therapy, existentialism and Gestalt principles.
- Seligman's positive therapy is based both on the client-centered therapy and the humanistic therapy. Rogers' personality theory is seen more as growth-oriented than as development-oriented. The most important concepts in the client-centered therapy are experience, reaction of the organism, driving force and internal frame of reference. Zimring states that as long as someone is not aware of the unconscious, there is a bad psychological adjustment.
- The Dodo effect states that all forms of psychotherapy show comparable effect sizes. This is supported by various meta-analyzes. Wampold argues that treatment is not immediately less valuable if it is not empirically validated.There is no evidence-based evidence regarding client-centered therapy. Moreover, congruence fluctuates naturally during the therapeutic session, along with unconditional acceptance and empathy.
When and how is behavioral therapy used? - BulletPoints 6
- Behavioral therapy has many similarities with other psychotherapies, especially those that are short-term and directive, such as cognitive therapy and rational emotional behavioral therapy. Behavioral therapy is completely opposite to the psychodynamic approach.
- Wolpe developed the technique ''systematic desensitization'', an early form of exposure therapy. A person is slowly confronted mentally with his anxiety while relaxation techniques are applied. The underlying process was called ''reciprocal inhibition'' .
- Eysenk was the developer of the first form of behavioral therapy. Behavioral therapy emphasizes the importance of learning through classical and operant conditioning. Behavioral therapy can be used for anxiety disorders, panic disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, post-traumatic stress disorders, depression, eating disorders, schizophrenia, developmental disorders. Functional analysis is an important part of the behavioral evaluation. The purpose of it is to discover the sustaining factors of the behavior to be changed. Environmental variables are often manipulated and the effect on the target behavior is examined. Behavioral therapy consists of several steps: problem definition, evaluation of solutions, applying the best solution.
How is cognitive therapy structured? - BulletPoints 7
- Cognitive therapy is based on the idea that people respond to life events through a combination of cognitive, affective, motivational and behavioral responses based on evolution and individual learning. Information processing is crucial for the survival of any organism. All systems involved in survival - cognitive, behavioral, affective and motivational systems - are made up of schemes. These schemes have a strong influence on the information processing process. Sometimes this can cause people to process new information incorrectly.
- Cognitive therapy mainly focuses on correcting prejudices and other fallacies and adjusting core beliefs. Behavioral techniques are also often applied. Examples include social skills training, role-playing, behavioral exercises and exposure therapy. Cognitive therapy is based on phenomenological approach, structural and in-depth psychology. Current research into the theoretical background and therapeutic efficacy of cognitive psychology has shown positive results in many different forms of psychopathology.
- There are two main dimensions of personality that influence the development of psychiatric disorders: social dependence (sociotropy) and autonomy. The causal theory of cognitive therapy suggests that psychological distress is caused by an interplay of innate, biological, developmental and environmental factors.
- Cognitive distortions are: random inference, selective abstraction, overgeneralization, personalization and black and white thinking. Fundamental concepts in cognitive therapy are collaborative empiricism, Socratic dialogue and explorations. Cognitive therapy is based on empirical studies. Randomized controlled trials have shown success in depression and anxiety disorders in particular.
What forms of family therapy are there and when are they used? - BulletPoints 11
- Family therapists pay attention to the structure within a family - processes within a family and how they develop, adapt and change over time. A family is an ever-changing, living, complex and sustainable system with causal relationships.
- Cybernetic science has brought about clinical changes. For example, pathology is seen as part of the social environment and not just person-specific. In addition, interaction patterns are examined. Object relationship therapists are more concerned with unconscious childhood processes that now determine personality whereas family therapists focus on current interpersonal problems.
- Rogerian's therapy has had a great influence on family therapy. Family therapists place great value on exercising Rogers' sufficient and necessary conditions. The most important concepts in family therapy are: family rules and assumptions, pseudo-mutuality and pseudo-hostility, mystification.
- The main techniques in facilitating change are: redetermining, cognitive restructuring, the miracle question and externalizing. Unfortunately, there is little supporting evidence for the contribution of the therapy. Most studies have focused on cognitive and behavioral therapy. Research into the effectiveness of family therapy is difficult, because not every family member will benefit equally from the treatment.
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Studiegids bij Current Psychotherapies van Wedding en Corsini
Samenvattingen en studiehulp bij Current Psychotherapies van Wedding en Corsini
Inhoudsopgave
Nederlandstalige samenvattingen en studiehulp bij de 10e druk van het boek:
- Samenvatting bij het boek: Current Psychotherapies van Wedding en Corsini - 10e druk
Engelstalige samenvattingen en studiehulp bij de 10e druk van het boek:
- Summary with the book: Current Psychotherapies by Wedding and Corsini - 10th edition
- Bullets with the book: Current Psychotherapies by Wedding and Corsini - 10th edition
- ExamTests with the book: Current Psychotherapies by Wedding and Corsini - 10th edition
Overige:
- Samenvattingen bij voorgaande drukken
Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice: Summaries, Study Notes and Practice Exams - UL
BulletPointsummary with the 10th edition of Current Psychotherapies by Wedding & Corsini (Custom UL edition)
- What psychotherapeutic views are there? - BulletPoints 1
- What is psychoanalysis and in what context should it be seen? - BulletPoints 2
- What does the client-oriented treatment look like? - BulletPoints 4
- When and how is behavioral therapy used? - BulletPoints 6
- How is cognitive therapy structured? - BulletPoints 7
- What forms of family therapy are there and when are they used? - BulletPoints 11
What psychotherapeutic views are there? - BulletPoints 1
- Scientific research into the unconscious started in the seventeenth century under the leadership of Leibniz. In the nineteenth century, the ideas of Mesmer and Schopenhauer were leading. They influenced Freud, Adler and Jung. Mesmer was considered to be the founder of hypnotherapy.
- Fechner and von Helmholtz were important scientists in the nineteenth century. They conducted research in cognitive science. Fechner investigated the sleep-wake rhythm and Von Helmholtz discovered the phenomenon ''unconscious inference'' - the unconscious representation of an object, constructed by knowledge from the past. Fechner and von Helmholtz's ideas are called the ''organicist tradition''.
- Schopenhauer published a work that was regarded as the basis of field of psychology. His idea was to treat mental disorders in a non-biological way. Carus suggested that the conscious communicates with the unconscious, while the person himself is not fully aware of this process. The researcher, Benedikt, developed a way to treat pathogenic secrets. This became an important part of Jung's analytical psychotherapy. Grawe argued that psychotherapy appears to have its effects through changes in gene expression at the neuronal level.
What is psychoanalysis and in what context should it be seen? - BulletPoints 2
- The basic concepts of the psychoanalysis are the unconsciousness, fantasy, primary/secondary processes and defense mechanisms. Beck and Ellis pioneered cognitive therapy, but their original area of expertise was again psychoanalysis.
- Freud's hypnosis therapy was not reliable enough to bring back lost memories. This led to Freud developing the free association technique. Freud's seduction theory stated that sexual problems were the origin of psychological problems. Later, he suggested that fantasy and instinctive drive were important. At the beginning of the twentieth century, Freud came up with his theory about the libido. This refers to the psychic energy that can be activated by both external and internal stimuli. Freud's work on the ego, superego and the id formed the basis of the structural theory. The object relationship theory describes the process of creating internal representations in relation to significant others. In the sixties of the twentieth century, Freud's theory was dropped.
- A therapist could never function as a white canvas because each therapist brings his own unique subjectivity. According to Klein, people are born with instinctive passions related to love and aggression, related to unconscious fantasies about interpersonal relationships. This already exists before meeting others.
- Examples of developmental stop models are Winnicot's development theory and
Boeksamenvatting Current Psychotherapies van Wedding & Corsini - 8e druk, 2008
- 1. Introductie
- 2. Psychoanalyse
- 3. Adleriaanse Psychotherapie
- 4. Jungiaanse Psychotherapie
- 5. Rogeriaanse Psychotherapie
- 6. Rationeel-Emotieve Gedragstherapie
- 7. Gedragstherapie
- 8. Cognitieve Therapie
- 9. Existentiële Therapie
- 10. Gestalttherapie
- 11. Multimodale Therapie
- 12. Gezinstherapie
- 13. Beschouwende Psychotherapieën
- 14. Integratieve Psychotherapieën
- 15. Hedendaagse Uitdagingen en Controverses
1. Introductie
Psychotherapie is een formele interactie tussen twee partijen met als doel het oplossen van ongemak in de volgende gebieden: cognitieve (stoornissen in het denken), affectieve (emotioneel lijden/ongemak) of gedragsmatige (inadequaat gedrag) functies. De therapeut heeft een bepaalde theorie over persoonlijkheid, ontwikkeling, het in stand houden en veranderen van gedrag.
De termen counseling en psychotherapie worden vaak door elkaar gebruikt, maar dit zijn twee verschillende dingen.
Counseling is een kortdurend proces (1-5 sessies) en vooral op een op dit moment aanwezig probleem gericht. Counseling is een specialistische vorm van therapie, waarbij duidelijk afgebakende lichte psychosociale problemen worden opgelost met behulp van het geven van informatie, advies en opdrachten. Een counselor heeft specifieke kennis over bijvoorbeeld relaties, familie of studeren en treed op als leraar.
Psychotherapie is echter vooral op de persoon gericht en kan jaren duren. Hierbij gaat het vaak om psychiatrische stoornissen of zware psychosociale problemen die diepgeworteld zijn in de persoonlijkheid. Een psychotherapeut heeft een brede kennis over persoonlijkheid en psychische problemen. En kan proberen deze problemen op te lossen.
Noem je iemand in therapie een patiënt of een cliënt? De meningen hierover verschillen en daarom is de terminologie bij elke theorie anders. Geen van de twee de begrippen is echt bevredigend. Door de term patiënt te gebruiken, impliceer je dat er sprake is van een ziekte, maar door de term cliënt te gebruiken impliceer je een zakelijke relatie. Als vuistregel kun je aanhouden dat je van cliënt spreekt, wanneer een persoon in een praktijk behandeld wordt en van patiënt wanneer een persoon in een ziekenhuis of kliniek behandeld wordt.
De filosoof Popper (1968) heeft wat betreft de wetenschappelijkheid van theorieën het volgende geconcludeerd:
Het is makkelijk om bevestiging te vinden voor de validiteit van een theorie.
Je zou iets alleen als bevestiging moeten beschouwen als het voort komt uit een risicovolle voorspelling.
Hoe meer een theorie verbiedt, hoe beter hij is.
Een theorie die niet te weerleggen is, is een schamele theorie.
Echte tests zijn pogingen om een theorie te weerleggen.
Het enige goede bewijs is negatief bewijs (oftewel: een onsuccesvolle poging een theorie te weerleggen).
Helaas is volgens deze conclusies geen enkele psychotherapie volledig wetenschappelijk, aangezien ze vaak niet of moeilijk te falsificeren zijn.
Modes of Action
Alle psychotherapieën zijn erop gericht om verandering teweeg te brengen. Maar hoe veroorzaakt psychotherapie verandering?
Cognitief:
Op cognitief gebied zijn er verschillende
.....read moreCollege-aantekeningen bij Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice aan de Universiteit Leiden - 2016/2017
- College 1, deel 1: Critical appraisal of a topic (CAT)
- College 1, deel 2: Een korte geschiedenis van psychotherapie
- College 2: Psychoanalyse in een notendop, van Freud’s psychoanalyse tot hedendaagse psychodynamische psychotherapieën
- College 3: Cliëntgerichte behandeling
- College 4: CBI
- College 5: Outcome research in psychotherapy
- College 6: Family therapy
- College 7: Who does what and what does work? Client and therapist factors in psychotherapy.
- College 8: The grate debate in psychotherapy, relationships versus techniques
- Bron
College 1, deel 1: Critical appraisal of a topic (CAT)
Systematische benadering: gebruik je wetenschappelijke kennis in het adviseren van een cliënt.
Evidence Based Psychotherapy (EBP): best kloppende bewijs voor een bepaald (onderzoeks)gebied. Je kan dit gebruiken om mensen (individueel) van het beste advies te voorzien.
Klinische vragen. Cliënten hebben vaak vragen over de volgende zaken:
Therapie;
Diagnose;
Prognose;
Etiologie/schade.
Interventie kan ook schadelijk zijn. Soms is het daarom beter om eerst te beginnen met het stabiliseren van de toestand van de cliënt.
7 stappen van een CAT:
Klinisch scenario: casus, iemand komt met een hulpvraag vb.) ‘Wat kunt u mij adviseren?;
Klinische vraag: aan de hand van de PICO (= patient problem or population (P), intervention (I), comparison (C) (vergelijking van bijvoorbeeld therapie met medicijnen), outcome (O) (uitkomst)) herformuleer je de vraag van de cliënt;
Literatuur onderzoek: zoek in de literatuur naar ondersteuning. Dit kan bijvoorbeeld door middel van PubMed (gratis)/Medline. Door te selecteren, zoek je de best passende artikelen bij jouw vraag;
Kritisch evaluatie paper: zoek verder, verbreed je zoektermen. Systematische reviews helpen om behandelingsvragen en diagnosevragen te beantwoorden. Cohortstudies helpen prognose en vragen rondom etiologie/schade te beantwoorden;
Bewijs: de Evidence Table staat op BlackBoard, hierin vul je een aantal gegevens in wat betreft je artikelen (zie sheets). Benoem de relevantie, maar ook de (eventuele) zwakheden van het onderzoek, zoals bijvoorbeeld een korte follow-up periode;
Evidence Based commentaar: werp een kritische blik op de gevonden uitkomsten, doe verslag van het besluitvormingsproces vb.) ‘Ondanks de korte follow-up periode is er wel dit en dat…’;
Bottom-line: spreek je advies uit. Wat adviseer je en waarom?
College 1, deel 2: Een korte geschiedenis van psychotherapie
Psychotherapie gaat om verlichting met als einddoel genezing.
Mesmer (mesmerizing) was een arts (physician). Veranderingen in de psychologie gaan vaak samen met veranderingen in technologie (vb. MRI en online assessment). De ‘technologie’ van Mesmer was magnetiseren. Het ging hierbij om blokkades die voor bepaalde symptomen zorgden. Door de blokkades weg te halen, zou.....read more
Summaries and study services for Psychology Bachelor 2/3 at Leiden University - Specialisation courses & Electives - Year 2022/2023
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