DPP HC 6 - Autisme (en schizofrenie)

Autisme als dimensie/spectrum; Geen typische kenmerken, veel verschillende kenmerken per persoon

Wat is een psychose: een realistische ervaring die niet wordt gedeeld met anderen (vergelijkbaar met een droom). Voor de persoon is het echt, maar voor anderen niet, als ze "wakker worden" hebben ze door dat het niet echt was.

  • Gedachtes
  • Visioenen
  • Geur
  • Geluid 

Eerste werd autisme en psychose/schizofrenie gezien als een een stoornis. --> 1930: Childhood Schizofrenie --> 1943 Leo Kanner: Autisme; Hans Asperger

Neurotypical syndrome, we weten niet of er een neurologische basis is. Diagnose is gebaseerd op gedrag, je kan het niet in het brein zien. Boek zegt wel neurologie, docent van niet.

1 of 10 van elke 1000

Jongens ; Meisjes = 5;1

  • Nu is het meer bekend, het wordt meer gediagnosticeerd 
  • Meer in de media (autisme awareness month)

Verschillende diagnoses in DSM-4 en DSM-5

DSM-4

  • Autisme 
  • Asperger's Disorder --> mensen met autisme die meer communicatief zijn 
  • PDDNOS 

DSM-4 Criteria (kinderen en volwassenen)

  • Atypical behaviours
  • Communication
  • Social Impairments

DSM-5 criteria (ook voor kinderen)

  • Atypical behaviour
  • Social communication (social impairments + communication)

Atypical behaviour 

  • Repetitive motor behaviours, flapping 
  • Obsessions, preoccupations 
  • Restricted interests
  • Holding on to routines (vast routine) 

Communication 

  • 30% leert nooit praten 
  • Atypische taal (toon, tempo, inhoud, echolalia) 
  • Pronoun reversal 
  • No understanding social pragmatics (grapjes) 
  • Atypical nonverbal communication 

Social impairments

  • "aloofs" - alone and fine with that
  • Less responsive, not reciprocal 
  • Aversive to touch
  • Avoiding eye contact
  • Not responsive to own name
  • Atypical emotional displays 

Positive characteristics

  • Good memory 
  • Good focus --> gewild op de arbeidsmarkt 
  • No drama
  • Rarely tell lies; no hidden agendas
  • Independent thinkers 
  • Rarely judge others 

Additional difficulties

  • Oversensitivity 
  • Low intelligence (60-80%)
  • Problems in Theory of Mind 
  • Focus on detail (lack central coherence) 

Theory of Mind: het begrijpen van het gedrag van anderen gebaseerd op hun (en niet je eigen) intenties, verwachtingen en overtuigingen. 

Precursors: Joint attention

  • Starting or following 
  • Showing or asking 

Precursor: intention understanding

  • Understanding the intended goal
    • Experimentor tried to perform an action but repeatedly failed --> can child finish 

False beliefs: Sally-Ann test

Central coherence: heel letterlijk opnemen, geen overal plaatje kunnen beschrijven (auto-ongeluk) --> geen focus op het geheel, maar detail. 

Karakteristieken van autisme --> minder mogelijkheden voor social learning --> …

Devlopmental pathway

  • Confusion deafness, but can now be diagnosed in toddlers: better prognosis 
  • Symptoms often decrease childhood/adolescence: IQ protective factor --> kinderen leren 
  • Higher incidence of psychopathology (depression, aggression) 

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