Public international law (PIL) is essentially another term for international public law. They both refer to the same field of study. PIL deals with the legal rules, norms, and principles governing relations between sovereign states and other international actors like international organizations. It emphasizes the rights and obligations of these actors in the international arena.

What are the main features of public international law?

• Sovereign Equality: All recognized states are considered equal under the law, regardless of size or power.
• Consent-Based: International law applies when states agree to be bound by treaties, customary practices, or other instruments.
• Focus on Public Interest: It prioritizes the collective good of the international community over the individual interests of any single state.
• Limited Enforcement Mechanisms: Reliance on persuasion, diplomacy, and international institutions for enforcement, unlike strong domestic legal systems.

What are important sub-areas in public international law?

• Law of Treaties: Rules governing the creation, interpretation, and application of agreements between states.
• Law of the Sea: Legal framework for the use of oceans, including navigation, fishing, and resource exploration.
• Law of State Responsibility: Principles determining when a state is responsible for internationally wrongful acts and the consequences of such acts.
• Law of International Organizations: Rules governing the operation and decision-making of international bodies like the UN.
• Law of International Dispute Settlement: Peaceful mechanisms for resolving disputes between states, including negotiation, mediation, and adjudication.
• Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC): Principles regulating the use of force in war and protecting civilians and non-combatants.
• International Human Rights Law: Body of law protecting fundamental human rights, with obligations primarily on states. (Note: While human rights law is vast, some aspects fall under international public law due to its focus on state obligations).

What are key concepts in public international law?

• Sovereignty: The supreme authority of a state within its territory.
• Jurisdiction: The power of a state to make and enforce laws, with limitations in international law.
• State Immunity: The general principle that one state cannot be sued in the courts of another state, with exceptions.
• Treaties: Formal agreements between states that create legally binding obligations.
• Customary International Law: Unwritten rules derived from general and consistent practice of states, recognized as law.
• International Law Commission (ILC): UN body that codifies and develops international law.
• International Court of Justice (ICJ): Principal judicial organ of the UN that settles legal disputes between states.

Who are influential figures in public international law?

• Hugo Grotius: Dutch jurist considered the "father of international law" for his writings on the rights of nations during war and peace.
• Emmanuelle Char: French legal scholar who made significant contributions to the development of international human rights law.

Why is public international law important?

• Promotes Peace and Security: Provides a framework for peaceful coexistence and conflict resolution between nations.
• Ensures Predictability and Fairness: Offers a set of rules for interactions between states, promoting stability in the international system.
• Protects State Interests: Defines the rights and obligations of states in their relations with each other.
• Facilitates Global Cooperation: Creates a legal framework for international organizations to function and address global challenges.

How is public international law applied in practice?

• Diplomacy and Negotiations: States use international law principles as a basis for negotiation and resolving disputes peacefully.
• International Organizations: International bodies like the UN and WTO rely on international law to carry out their mandates.
• International Courts and Tribunals: These bodies settle legal disputes between states based on international law principles.
• Domestic Courts: International law principles can be incorporated into national legal systems, influencing domestic law.