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Standards for testing are established by reference to scores of norm groups. This is called standardization and ensures that we can interpret individual test scores in a meaningful way. In addition, the usefulness of a test score is determined by the consistency (reliability) of the test. A norm group consists of a sample of participants who are representative of the population for which the test is intended. The raw score is the most basic level of information provided by a psychological test (for example, the number of correct answers). Raw scores in themselves are meaningless; only in reference with standards do the scores acquire meaning. Almost all psychological tests are interpreted by means of standards, although other types of tests also exist (such as criterion-referenced tests). The enormous amount of data that comes from administering tests should be summarized first. A simple way to do this is to draw up a frequency distribution. Class intervals (for example 1-3) are drawn up, after which the frequency of the scores that fall within that interval is indicated for each interval. A histogram is a graph in which the frequency distribution information can be displayed by means of columns. A similar graph is a frequency polygon (line graph), except that the frequencies are indicated with a single line instead of columns. To obtain a single, representative score we need a measure of the central tendency. Possible measures are the mean (adding the scores divided by N ), the median (the middle score if all scores are ranked) and the mode (the score that occurs most often). The standard deviation ( s ) is usually used to describe the degree and manner of distribution of the scores. When the value of the standard deviation is low, the...
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