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Summaries per chapter with the 3rd edition of Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: The Acclaimed Guide to Stress, Stress-Related Diseases, and Coping by Sapolsky
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Samenvattingen per hoofdstuk bij de 3e druk van Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: The Acclaimed Guide to Stress, Stress-Related Diseases, and Coping van SapolskySamenvattingen per hoofdstuk bij de 3e druk van Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: The Acclaimed Guide to Stress, Stress-Related Diseases, and Coping van Sapolsky
BulletPointsamenvattingen per hoofdstuk bij de 3e druk van Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: The Acclaimed Guide to Stress, Stress-Related Diseases, and Coping van Sapolsky - ChapterEr bestaan verschillen tussen mensen en dieren op het gebied van stress. Dieren ervaren stress doordat er zich een acute, fysieke crisissituatie voordoet, terwijl mensen veel vaker last hebben van chronische fysieke stress. Het omgaan met acute stress is voor het lichaam van mens en dier gemakkelijker dan het omgaan met chronische stress. Naast voorgenoemde stressvormen, bestaat ook nog de (menselijke) psychische en sociale stress. Acute stress is de stress waar ons lichaam veruit het beste mee kan omgaan. De overige vormen van stress leiden uiteindelijk tot uitputting en kunnen leiden tot stressgerelateerde ziekten.
Homeostase houdt in dat het lichaam in een optimale balans verkeert. Alle lichaamsmechanismen hebben hierbij een, voor dit lichaam, optimale waarde. De homeostase kan uit balans worden gebracht door stressoren. Deze stressoren kunnen zich zowel in de huidige omgeving bevinden, ofwel onderdeel zijn van verwachtingen over de toekomst. Een tegenhanger van de homeostase is de allostase, welke veel meer kijkt maar de situatie waarin het lichaam zich verkeerd. Er bestaat niet één enkele optimale waarde voor een bepaald mechanisme, maar deze optimale waarde is afhankelijk van de situatie. Tevens kan de balans op verschillende manieren worden bereikt. Bij de homeostase wordt bij een tekort slechts een enkel mechanisme aangepakt om in balans te geraken, terwijl allostase alle mechanismen aanpakt.
Selye deed onderzoek naar stress bij ratten. Hij kwam tot twee conclusies: (1) het lichaam reageert hetzelfde op verschillende stressoren (stress-respons) en (2) stressoren die te lang duren kunnen
TentamenTests bij de 3e druk van Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: The Acclaimed Guide to Stress, Stress-Related Diseases, and Coping van SapolskyWat is allostase?
Wat is geen functie van het biologische 'vecht of vlucht' stress respons?
Tijdens het stress respons is het sympathische zenuwstelsel actief/inactief en het parasympatische zenuwstelsel actief/inactief.
Allostase is een gebalanceerde staat van het lichaam. Het bereiken van allostase in het lichaam is onder invloed van het afscheiden van stresshormonen en mediatoren door het brein.
C. Het veroorzaken van negatieve emoties
Tijdens het stress respons is het sympathische zenuwstelsel actief en het parasympatische zenuwstelsel inactief.
Vanuit evolutionair perspectief: wat doet iemand in het geval van een stress respons?
Is de volgende stelling waar of niet waar?
"De adrenale klier is verantwoordelijk voor het uitscheiden van adrenaline."
Welke volgorde is juist?
Waarom
.....read more BulletPointsamenvattingen per hoofdstuk bij de 3e druk van Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: The Acclaimed Guide to Stress, Stress-Related Diseases, and Coping van Sapolsky - ChapterEr bestaan verschillen tussen mensen en dieren op het gebied van stress. Dieren ervaren stress doordat er zich een acute, fysieke crisissituatie voordoet, terwijl mensen veel vaker last hebben van chronische fysieke stress. Het omgaan met acute stress is voor het lichaam van mens en dier gemakkelijker dan het omgaan met chronische stress. Naast voorgenoemde stressvormen, bestaat ook nog de (menselijke) psychische en sociale stress. Acute stress is de stress waar ons lichaam veruit het beste mee kan omgaan. De overige vormen van stress leiden uiteindelijk tot uitputting en kunnen leiden tot stressgerelateerde ziekten.
Homeostase houdt in dat het lichaam in een optimale balans verkeert. Alle lichaamsmechanismen hebben hierbij een, voor dit lichaam, optimale waarde. De homeostase kan uit balans worden gebracht door stressoren. Deze stressoren kunnen zich zowel in de huidige omgeving bevinden, ofwel onderdeel zijn van verwachtingen over de toekomst. Een tegenhanger van de homeostase is de allostase, welke veel meer kijkt maar de situatie waarin het lichaam zich verkeerd. Er bestaat niet één enkele optimale waarde voor een bepaald mechanisme, maar deze optimale waarde is afhankelijk van de situatie. Tevens kan de balans op verschillende manieren worden bereikt. Bij de homeostase wordt bij een tekort slechts een enkel mechanisme aangepakt om in balans te geraken, terwijl allostase alle mechanismen aanpakt.
Selye deed onderzoek naar stress bij ratten. Hij kwam tot twee conclusies: (1) het lichaam reageert hetzelfde op verschillende stressoren (stress-respons) en (2) stressoren die te lang duren kunnen
Samenvatting bij Why Zebras dont get ulcers (oude druk)Deze samenvatting is gebaseerd op het studiejaar 2013-2014.
Gedurende de laatste decennia is er een hoop verandert in de hedendaagse ziektepatronen. Onder meer door vooruitgang in het ontwikkelen van medicijnen zien de patronen er nu heel anders uit en zijn ze niet meer vergelijkbaar met bijvoorbeeld ziektes waar onze voorouders aan zijn overleden. Vandaag de dag krijgen meer mensen te maken met hartfalen en vaatziektes, dan met infecties en ondervoeding. Samenhangend met de wijziging in ziektepatronen is ook het beeld van hoe we tegen ziektes aankijken verandert. We hebben ontdekt dat er een sterk verband is tussen onze emoties en de biologische processen in ons lichaam. Onze gedachten, gevoelens en persoonlijkheden beïnvloeden deze processen in ons lichaam, wat ervoor zorgt dat twee mensen die dezelfde ziekte krijgen beide een verschillend ziekteverloop doormaken. Ook stress heeft invloed op onze gezondheid en kan er zelfs voor zorgen dat we ons ziek voelen. Stress kan er echter ook voor zorgen dat het lichaam zich aanpast in bepaalde situaties om te kunnen overleven. Zo kunnen de neuronen in ons brein vijf minuten zonder zuurstof overleven tijdens een hartaanval, zonder dat daar later schade aan wordt ondervonden.
Naast verschillen tussen de mens van nu en de mens van vroeger zijn er ook verschillen op te merken tussen mens en dier, voornamelijk op het gebied van hoe zij stress ervaren. Dieren ervaren stress bij acute fysieke crisissituaties. Een voorbeeld hiervan is een zebra die wordt opgejaagd door een tijger. De zebra zal het plotseling op een rennen moeten zetten, om zichzelf in veiligheid te brengen voor de tijger. De zebra kan zelfs al verwond zijn door de tijger en alsnog uit alle macht proberen te vluchten. Er wordt dan fysiek ineens heel veel geëist van de zebra. Het lichaam blijkt echter prima in staat te zijn om met dit soort stress om te gaan. Mensen daarentegen ervaren vaak chronische fysieke stress. Wanneer de gewassen van een boer bijvoorbeeld door beesten zijn opgegeten, zal hij gedurende een lange periode zijn eten ergens anders moeten halen. Hij zal dan bijvoorbeeld iedere keer veel verder moeten lopen om aan wat eten te komen. Doordat hij iedere keer, gedurende een lange tijd meer.....read more
The Sapolski Bundle: summaries and exams for Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers
Studiegids bij Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: The Acclaimed Guide to Stress, Stress-Related Diseases, and Coping van SapolskyNederlandstalige samenvattingen en studiehulp bij de 3e druk van het boek:
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Stress, health and disease: Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers by Robert Sapolsky - Bundle
Chapter summaries from the book: Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers by Robert Sapolsky. Only chapters that are required to be read (according to syllabus) will be included
Summaries per chapter with the 3rd edition of Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: The Acclaimed Guide to Stress, Stress-Related Diseases, and Coping by SapolskySummaries per chapter with the 3rd edition of Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: The Acclaimed Guide to Stress, Stress-Related Diseases, and Coping by Sapolsky
Why zebras don’t get ulcers - Sapolski - 3rd editionHoi Stan,
Hierij mijn update bij de opdracht.
Ik ben benieuwd naar je feedback op de hoofdstukken in het Nederlands. Er moet zoveel aan de oude samenvatting worden verbeterd dat ikzelf soms even niet meer zie wat beter kan en wat al goed is.
Dezelfde
... Book Summary - Why zebras don’t get ulcers by Sapolsky (3rd edition)What has changed in common disease patterns?
In recent decades, much has changed in common disease patterns. Partly due to advances in the development of pharmacy, the patterns now look very different and are no longer comparable with, for example, diseases that our ancestors died from. Nowadays , more and more people suffer from heart failure and cardio-vascular diseases than, for example , from infections and malnutrition. In connection with this change in disease patterns, the picture of how we view diseases has also undergone changes. We have discovered that there is a strong connection between emotions and the biological processes in our body. Our thoughts, feelings and personalities influence these processes in our body , which can cause that two people who get the same disease to go through a totally different course of the disease. Stress also affects our health and can even make us feel sick. However, stress can lead to adaptation of the body to certain situations in order to survive. In this way, the neurons in our brain can survive for five minutes without oxygen during a heart attack , without being permanently damaged .
In addition to differences between people of today and of the past , there are also differences between people and animals. This difference mainly concerns the area of how they
.....read more Examtests with the 3rd edition of Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: The Acclaimed Guide to Stress, Stress-Related Diseases, and Coping by SapolskyWhat is allostase?
Which of the following is no function of the biological 'fight or flight' stress response?
During the stress response the sympathetic nervous system is active / deactivated and the parasympathetic nervous system is active / deactivated.
From an evolutionary perspective, what does one try to do in the case of a stress response?
True or untrue: The adrenal gland is responsible for excreting adrenalin.
What order of events is correct?
Why does the body suppress the production of insulin during a stress
.....read more Book Summary - Why zebras don’t get ulcers by Sapolsky (3rd edition)What has changed in common disease patterns?
In recent decades, much has changed in common disease patterns. Partly due to advances in the development of pharmacy, the patterns now look very different and are no longer comparable with, for example, diseases that our ancestors died from. Nowadays , more and more people suffer from heart failure and cardio-vascular diseases than, for example , from infections and malnutrition. In connection with this change in disease patterns, the picture of how we view diseases has also undergone changes. We have discovered that there is a strong connection between emotions and the biological processes in our body. Our thoughts, feelings and personalities influence these processes in our body , which can cause that two people who get the same disease to go through a totally different course of the disease. Stress also affects our health and can even make us feel sick. However, stress can lead to adaptation of the body to certain situations in order to survive. In this way, the neurons in our brain can survive for five minutes without oxygen during a heart attack , without being permanently damaged .
In addition to differences between people of today and of the past , there are also differences between people and animals. This difference mainly concerns the area of how they
.....read more Hormones and psychiatric disorders - summary of part of Why zebras don't get ulcers: The acclaimed guide to stress, stress-related diseases, and coping-now revised and updated by Sapolsky
Why zebras don't get ulcers: The acclaimed guide to stress, stress-related diseases, and coping-now revised and updated
By: Sapolsky, R. M. (2004).
New York: Henry Holt.
As the master gland, the brain can experience or think of something stressful and activate components of the stress-response hormonally.
Some of the hypothalamus-pituitary-peripheral gland links are activated during stress, some inhibited.
Two hormones vital to the stress-response released by the sympathetic nervous system:
Another important class of hormones in the response to stress are called glucocorticoids.
These are steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal gland.
Back the epinephrine activity up over the course of minutes to hours.
Because the adrenal gland is basically witless, glucocorticoid release must ultimately be under the control of the hormones of the brain.
When something stressful happens or you think a stressful thought, the hypothalamus secretes an array of releasing hormones into the hypothalamic-pituitary circulatory system that gets the ball rolling.
The principal such releaser is CRH (coticotropin releasing hormone).
A variety of minor players synergize with CRH
Withing fifteen seconds, CRH triggers the pituitary to release ACTH (corticotrpin) in the bloodstream.
ACTH reaches the adrenal gland and (in a few minutes) triggers glucocorticoid release.
Together, glucocorticoids and the secretions of the sympathetic nervous system (epinephrine and norepinephrine) account for a large percentage of what happens in your body during stress.
In times of stress, your pancreas is stimulated to release a hormone called glucagon.
Glucocorticoids, glucagon, and the systematic nervous system raise circulating levels of the sugar glucose.
These hormones are essential for mobilizing energy during stress.
Other hormones are activated as well.
The pituitary secretes prolactin, which plays a role in suppressing reproduction during stress.
Both the pituitary and the brain secrete endorphins and enkephalins, which help blunt pain perception.
The pituitary secretes vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone), which plays a role in the cardiovascular stress response.
Various hormonal systems are inhibited during stress
The secretion of various reproductive hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are inhibited.
Hormones related to growth are also inhibited.
As are the secretin of insulin.
A few complications
Fight or flight response is a way of conceptualizing the stress-response as preparing the body for that sudden burst of energy demands.
This might be different in females.
In most species, females are typically less aggressive than males, and having dependent young often precludes the option of flight.
Some suggest that the female stress-response is about
PREVIEW - Book Summary - Why zebras don’t get ulcers van Sapolsky (3rd edition)What has changed in common disease patterns?
In recent decades, much has changed in common disease patterns. Partly due to advances in the development of pharmacy, the patterns now look very different and are no longer comparable with, for example, diseases that our ancestors died from. Nowadays , more and more people suffer from heart failure and cardio-vascular diseases than, for example , from infections and malnutrition. In connection with this change in disease patterns, the picture of how we view diseases has also undergone changes. We have discovered that there is a strong connection between emotions and the biological processes in our body. Our thoughts, feelings and personalities influence these processes in our body , which can cause that two people who get the same disease to go through a totally different course of the disease. Stress also affects our health and can even make us feel sick. However, stress can lead to adaptation of the body to certain situations in order to survive. In this way, the neurons in our brain can survive for five minutes without oxygen during a heart attack , without being permanently damaged .
In addition to differences between people of today and of the past , there are also differences between people and animals. This difference mainly concerns the area of how they experience stress. Animals experience stress only in acute physical crisis situations. Consider the following example: A zebra is hunted by a tiger. The zebra will suddenly have to run , in order to bring itself to safety . The zebra can even be injured by the tiger and still keep on trying to flee. At this point, a lot of things are physically demanded of the zebra. However, their body appears to be perfectly capable of dealing with this type of stress. People, on the other hand, more often experience chronic physical stress instead of acute stress. For example, when a farmer's crops have been eaten by animals, he will have to get his food from somewhere else for a long period of time. For example, he will have to walk much further each time to get some food . Because every time, for a long time, he has to make more effort for his food, he undergoes chronic physical stress. The human body can handle this type of stress reasonably well.
In addition to acute and chronic physical stress, there is a third form of stress, which is psychological and social stress. This type of stress is typical for humans. What
.....read more Stress, health and disease: Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers by Robert Sapolsky - BundleChapter summaries from the book: Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers by Robert Sapolsky. Only chapters that are required to be read (according to syllabus) will be included
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How does stress work? - Chapter 11This chapter explores the sources of stress, the factors that can make the experience of stress easier or more difficult, and the ways that stress influences someone's physical and mental health. The difference between distress and eustress will be explained. It will be explained what stressors are, and some stressors will be mentioned. Health psychology will be described. This chapter will also explain how personality types and attitudes can influence people's reaction to stress. Lastly, this chapter will focus on ways to cope with stress through social-support systems, cultural differences, and religious beliefs.
Stress is the term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are appraised as threatening or challenging. There are a lot of different symptoms of stress, such as fatigue, sleeping problems, frequents colds, chest pains, and nausea. There are also behavioral symptoms of stress, such as eating too much, crying a lot, smoking, and drinking. Emotional symptoms can be anxiety, depression, anger, and frustration. Mental symptoms of stress include problems in concentration, memory, decision making, and sense of humor. Most people experience some stress on a daily basis.
Stress-causing effents are called stressors. There are two kinds of stressors:
Stressors can come from within a person or be external. External stressors are for instance environmental stressors, major life changes, but also hassles. Hassles are the daily little annoyances. We think of causes of stress as big events, but most of the time, our stress comes from little frustrations, delays, irritations, or disagreements. There are different reasons for why something is a stressor/gives us stress:
When the human body is subjected to stress, the sympathetic nervous system reacts. This system is better known as the 'fight-or-flight' system. Endocrinologist Hans Selye studied the sequence of physiological reactions that the body goes though when adapting to a stressor. This sequence is called the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) and
.....read more How do stress, coping, adaptation and health affect personality? - Chapter 18Health psychology focuses on the influence of psychological and behavioral factors on health, often in combination with the environment. Stress is central to this.
The interactional model suggests that personality factors determine the impact of events, because they determine how someone deals with the situation. Personality would thus influence coping. How someone deals with an event determines the degree of stress caused by that event. However, a limitation of this model is that stable coping strategies have never been found.
The transactional model does things differently. According to this model, personality has three potential effects:
It is not the event that causes stress here, but rather how it is dealt with. This model is called transactional because of the person's influence on the event and the person's appreciation. There is mutual influence.
A third model is the health and behavior model. This assumes that personality does not directly influence the degree of stress or illness, but that it indirectly influences stress or illness through certain behaviors, such as unsafe sex or overeating. The less healthy someone is, the greater the chance of experiencing more stress.
Another model is the disease and behavior model. In this model, disease is explained as the presence of an objectively measurable abnormal physiological process, such as fever, high blood pressure, or a tumor. Abnormal or sick behavior is about the way people behave when they think they are sick. Personality determines the degree of sick behavior, whether or not in combination with a real illness.
According to the predispositional model, associations exist between personality and illness because of a third variable that affects both, namely predisposition. The predisposition can exist for stable individual personality differences and for specific illnesses.
Stress is a subjective feeling that is the result of uncontrollable and threatening events (stressors). These are often extreme situations with unpleasant consequences that cannot be influenced. Stress can be divided into low sources of stress in daily life (daily hassles) and important life events (major life events). Major life events are associated with intensity, conflict and uncontrollability. Positive things can also be very stressful, for example a marriage, a move or a promotion. People with a lot of stress in their lives have many psychological and physiological symptoms. Possible responses to stress
.....read more How can stress be managed? - Chapter 13 (4th edition)Stress management training is the general term for interventions developed to teach participants how to handle stress. These interventions are based on cognitive-behavioral theories of stress, which consider stress as the result of an outcome of various environmental and cognitive processes. Stress is seen as a negative emotional and physiological state that is the result of cognitive responses to events that happen to us. That is why stress is seen more as a process than an outcome.
Beck and Ellis assumed that our cognitive responses to events - not the events themselves - determine our mood and that feelings of stress or other negative emotions are the result of wrong or irrational thinking. This means that the emotions are the result of misinterpretations of events or cognitions.
Beck has identified different categories of thinking that lead to negative emotions, namely:
Catastrophic thinking: if an event is considered negative and possibly dangerous.
Over-generalization: when a negative conclusion is drawn as a result of just one incident.
Arbitrary inference: draw a conclusion without sufficient evidence.
Selective abstraction: focus on a detail outside the context.
The stress response model suggests a series of factors that can be changed by reducing the stress of an individual. Examples of this are:
Environmental events that trigger the stress response.
Inappropriate behavioral, physiological, or cognitive responses that occur in response to the event.
Most stress management programs focus on changing people's responses to events that happen around them. Triggers can be identified and modified using problem-solving strategies. In addition, wrong thoughts can be identified and changed by a number of cognitive techniques, such as cognitive restructuring. Hereby automatic negative or catastrophic thoughts are brought up to bring them more in line with reality.
The triggers that lead to stress are different for each person. A good approach to combat stress is therefore to investigate which triggers lead to stress in a person and how these triggers can be reduced. One of the most commonly used approaches to identify and change triggers is that of Egan. Stress triggers are identified and changed through three phases:
Problem exploration and clarification: what are the triggers that lead to the stress?
Goal setting: which triggers does the person want to change?
Facilitating
“DSM-5. Posttraumatic stress disorder.” – Article summary 
The clinical presentation of PTSD varies. It is not entirely clear what is seen as a traumatic event and what is not. A life-threatening illness or medical condition is not seen as trauma but medical incidents can qualify as traumatic events (e.g. waking up during surgery), same as a medical catastrophe in one’s child.
Intrusive recollection is not the same as depressive rumination. Intrusive recollection applies to involuntary and intrusive distressing memories. It can be short (e.g. flashback) but can lead to prolonged stress and heightened arousal.
In PTSD, there often is a heightened sensitivity to threats. Developmental regression (e.g. loss of language) may occur in children. PTSD can lead to difficulties in regulating emotions or maintaining stable interpersonal relationships.
The lifetime prevalence of PTSD is 8.7% in the United States and the twelve-month prevalence is 3.5%. These estimates are lower in many other countries (e.g. European countries). Different groups have different levels of exposure to traumatic events. The conditional probability of developing PTSD following a similar level of exposure may differ between groups.
Cultural syndromes (e.g. ataques de nervosia) may influence the expression of PTSD. The risk of onset of PTSD and severity may differ across cultural groups as a result of:
PTSD appears to be more severe if the traumatic event is interpersonal and intentional (e.g. torture). The highest PTSD rates are found among rape survivors (1), military combat and captivity survivors (2) and ethnically and politically-motivated internment and genocide survivors (3). Young children and older adults are less likely to show full-threshold PTSD.
The symptoms and relative predominance of symptoms may vary over time. Symptom recurrence and intensification may occur in response to reminders of the original trauma (1), ongoing life stressors (2) and newly experienced traumatic events (3). PTSD symptoms may exacerbate as result of declining health (1), worsening cognitive functioning (2) and social isolation (3).
Individuals who continue to experience PTSD into older adulthood may express fewer symptoms of hyperarousal (1), avoidance (2) and negative cognitions and moods (3) compared with younger adults. However, adults exposed to traumatic events during later life may display more avoidance (1), hyperarousal (2), sleep problems (3) and crying spells (4) than younger adults exposed to the same traumatic event.
There are several pre-trauma risk factors for the development of PTSD:
There are several peritraumatic
.....read more The Sapolski Bundel: samenvattingen en oefenmateriaal voor 'Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers' (NL) The Sapolski Bundle: summaries and exams for Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers
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