What is this article about?
This article aims at providing an overview and understanding of the term workforce diversity. Different approaches to define workforce diversity have been developed, each influenced by socioeconomic trends and changes of that time, such as women rights, reduction of trade barrier and geographic boundaries.
What is diversity?
The term diversity refers to differences among people within one group, leading to perceive the other people as similar or different from oneself.
Considering another person as different can occur based on different factors. Some factors are easily observable, such as age, gender, race. Others are less observable, such as education or functional background. Also the degree of job-relevant skills is a factor in determining diversity. Demographic differences are perceived as less relevant within a work group.
Diversity can also be seen as a structural property of groups, implying that multiple composition of different social groups can have important consequences for the group, as well as for the individual. Those differences can lead to majority versus minority categorizations among group members.
In another approach to define diversity, specific diversity types have been proposed:
- Separation diversity, referring to different values, beliefs and attitudes.
- Variety diversity, referring to differences in knowledge and network.
- Disparity, referring to differences in valued resources, such as privilege and status.
How does diversity operate?
Research in diversity is grounded in social-psychological theories of intergroup relations. This also includes how uncommon characteristics among people lead to categorize people in groups. Based on this research, the Social Identity Theory and the Social Categorization Theory were developed, stating how people make sense of their environment.
The Social Identity Theory by Tajfel (1978) proposed that an individuals’ self-definition is shaped by their group memberships. Their self-concept can be increased through seeking distinctiveness, which is seen as positively valued. Individuals engage in social comparison to differentiate between groups. In-group is the group they belong to, out-group the group they do not belong to. This categorization leads to finding more similarities with the in-group and more differences with the out-group.
The Self-Categorization Theory by Turner (1985) proposes that social categories become more important. Individuals might depersonalize their identities and perceive themselves as more representative as a member of their group, than as themselves as an individual.
The similarity-attraction paradigm proposed that people have the tendency to be attracted to and seek interaction with people they perceive as similar as themselves.
What does diversity do?
Earlier research has shown that dissimilarity can be related to a lower attachment, lower personal liking and lower attraction towards outgroup members. This also includes lower trust, prosocial helping, resource allocation and performance evaluation.
Various factors have been researched as possible moderators between diversity and group social processes. Demographic differences have shown to negatively impact group communication. Also conflict as an moderator has been investigated. Differences in group members’ perception of the conflict leads to less effective group or individual performance.
Diversity among various levels and factors can impact the group performance, as well as an individual’s performance in a positive or negative way.
How to manage diversity?
Diversity can be used to benefit the group by using the talents of all group members. This can be facilitated by creating diverse workforces, encouraging positive relations between group members and creating an inclusive work environment.
Research has shown that minority, as well as non-minority, group members are more attracted to job applications that express a value in diversity. Members of a minority group are more attracted towards job interviews guided by a member of a minority group.
In recent years, diversity training has been developed, which consists of an intervention to decrease bias, to improve diversity attitude and to enhance positive group relations. Such diversity training has been implemented by many organizations and companies, with or without professional guidance. The effect of those trainings are still limited, leading to the conclusion that more evaluations from scholarly and practitioner perspective is needed.
Where should diversity research go?
Several future directions of possible research have been found by the authors.
Tapping into the complexity of diversity
Diversity is more than a way to classify and study people. In research it is crucial to move away from the traditional point of view on diversity, and towards capturing the full nuances of diversity and its effects. Expanding the conceptualization of diversity can help in this regard. Additionally, a more dynamic approach of diversity research could be beneficial.
Broader Exploration of Diversity Effects
Future research should also focus more on examining the physiological and psychological reaction of people to diversity. For instance, studies can explore how diversity affects interactional behavior and behavioral patterns. This should not only be focused on the organizational outcomes, but also on effects behind the business case, such as social justice, community development and environmental responsibility.
Understanding the P in diversity I-P-O models
In further research, multilevel models of diversity should be tested to examine diversity on a broader level. Hereby, different research approaches should be used, such as qualitative methods, induction or structural analysis.
Diversity models that are generalizable across contexts
Most research in the field of diversity has been conducted in the United States, which limits the global generalization of the findings. Moreover, research often has been conducted within business organizations. Researching diversity in different countries and within different contexts would positively enhance this field.
Study Guide with article summaries for Culture and Diversity at Work at Leiden University - 2022/2023
Study Guide with article summaries for Culture and Diversity at Work at Leiden University - 2022/2023
Study Guide with article summaries for Culture and Diversity at Work at Leiden University
Articlesummaries with Culture and Diversity at Work at Leiden University
Table of content
- Acculturation: Living successfully in two cultures
- The queen bee phenomenon: Why women leaders distance themselves from junior women
- The vicious cycle linking stereotypes and social roles
- Who am I and what am I going to do with my life? Personal and collective identities as motivators of action
- Cultural diversity at work: The effects of diversity perspectives on work group processes and outcomes
- Stereotypes and prejudice create workplace discrimination
- Understanding and addressing contemporary racism: From aversive racism to the common ingroup identity model
- Understanding diversity ideologies from the target’s perspective: A review and future directions
- Assimilation and diversity: An integrative model of subgroup relations
- The impact of hierarchical structures on the work behavior of women and men
- Diversity initiative effectiveness: What organizations can (and cannot) expect from diversity recruitment, diversity training, and formal mentoring programs
- Gender differences in entitlement: The role of system-justifying beliefs
- Advantaged group members’ reactions to tokenism
- Diversity in the workplace: A review, synthesis, and future research agenda
- Recognizing the benefits of diversity: When and how does diversity increase group performance?
- The glass cliff: Exploring the dynamics surrounding the appointment of women to precarious leadership positions
- Inclusion and diversity in work groups: A review and model for future research
- How university diversity rationales inform student preferences and outcomes
- Diversity initiatives in the workplace
- Work group diversity and group performance: An integrative model and research agenda
- Fail or flourish? Cognitive appraisal moderates the effect of solo status on performance
- Articlesummaries with prescribed articles for Culture and Diversity at Work 2022/2023
- Articlesummaries with prescribed articles for Culture and Diversity at Work 2021/2022
- 1 of 2153
- volgende ›
JoHo can really use your help! Check out the various student jobs here that match your studies, improve your competencies, strengthen your CV and contribute to a more tolerant world
Online access to all summaries, study notes en practice exams
- Check out: Register with JoHo WorldSupporter: starting page (EN)
- Check out: Aanmelden bij JoHo WorldSupporter - startpagina (NL)
How and why would you use WorldSupporter.org for your summaries and study assistance?
- For free use of many of the summaries and study aids provided or collected by your fellow students.
- For free use of many of the lecture and study group notes, exam questions and practice questions.
- For use of all exclusive summaries and study assistance for those who are member with JoHo WorldSupporter with online access
- For compiling your own materials and contributions with relevant study help
- For sharing and finding relevant and interesting summaries, documents, notes, blogs, tips, videos, discussions, activities, recipes, side jobs and more.
Using and finding summaries, study notes en practice exams on JoHo WorldSupporter
There are several ways to navigate the large amount of summaries, study notes en practice exams on JoHo WorldSupporter.
- Use the menu above every page to go to one of the main starting pages
- Starting pages: for some fields of study and some university curricula editors have created (start) magazines where customised selections of summaries are put together to smoothen navigation. When you have found a magazine of your likings, add that page to your favorites so you can easily go to that starting point directly from your profile during future visits. Below you will find some start magazines per field of study
- Use the topics and taxonomy terms
- The topics and taxonomy of the study and working fields gives you insight in the amount of summaries that are tagged by authors on specific subjects. This type of navigation can help find summaries that you could have missed when just using the search tools. Tags are organised per field of study and per study institution. Note: not all content is tagged thoroughly, so when this approach doesn't give the results you were looking for, please check the search tool as back up
- Check or follow your (study) organizations:
- by checking or using your study organizations you are likely to discover all relevant study materials.
- this option is only available trough partner organizations
- Check or follow authors or other WorldSupporters
- by following individual users, authors you are likely to discover more relevant study materials.
- Use the Search tools
- 'Quick & Easy'- not very elegant but the fastest way to find a specific summary of a book or study assistance with a specific course or subject.
- The search tool is also available at the bottom of most pages
Do you want to share your summaries with JoHo WorldSupporter and its visitors?
- Check out: Why and how to add a WorldSupporter contributions
- JoHo members: JoHo WorldSupporter members can share content directly and have access to all content: Join JoHo and become a JoHo member
- Non-members: When you are not a member you do not have full access, but if you want to share your own content with others you can fill out the contact form
Quicklinks to fields of study for summaries and study assistance
Field of study
- All studies for summaries, study assistance and working fields
- Communication & Media sciences
- Corporate & Organizational Sciences
- Cultural Studies & Humanities
- Economy & Economical sciences
- Education & Pedagogic Sciences
- Health & Medical Sciences
- IT & Exact sciences
- Law & Justice
- Nature & Environmental Sciences
- Psychology & Behavioral Sciences
- Public Administration & Social Sciences
- Science & Research
- Technical Sciences
Add new contribution