- What basic principles of human functioning are important? - ExamTests 1
- What happens in the body during a stress response? - ExamTests 2
- How does the heart respond to stress? - ExamTests 3
- What is the effect of stress on diabetes and metabolism? - ExamTests 4
- What is the relationship between stress, appetite and stomach ulcers? - ExamTests 5
- How does stress affect growth? - ExamTests 6
- How does stress affect reproduction? - ExamTests 7
- What is the relationship between stress, the immune system and diseases? - ExamTests 8
- What influence does stress have on pain perception? - ExamTests 9
- How does the memory work under the influence of stress? - ExamTests 10
- How is sleep influenced by stress? - ExamTests 11
- How do stress, aging and mortality influence each other? - ExamTests 12
- What is meant by psychological stress? - ExamTests 13
- In what sense can stress lead to depression, and vice versa? - ExamTests 14
- What do personality, temperament and stress have to do with each other? - ExamTests 15
- How does pleasure look organic and how does stress influence this? - ExamTests 16
- What is the connection between illness and rank and poverty? - ExamTests 17
- In which ways can stress be dealt with? - ExamTests 18
What basic principles of human functioning are important? - ExamTests 1
Questions
Question 1
What is allostase?
Question 2
Which of the following is no function of the biological 'fight or flight' stress response?
- Limiting damage
- Transporting oxygen to the muscles
- Causing negative emotions
- Saving energy by suppressing unnecessary bodily activities
Question 3
During the stress response the sympathetic nervous system is active / deactivated and the parasympathetic nervous system is active / deactivated.
Answer indication
- Allostase is a balanced state of the body. Attaining the state of allostase in the body happens through the secretion of stress hormones and mediators by the brain.
- C.
- Active, deactivated.
What happens in the body during a stress response? - ExamTests 2
Answers
Question 1
From an evolutionary perspective, what does one try to do in the case of a stress response?
Question 2
True or untrue: The adrenal gland is responsible for excreting adrenalin.
Question 3
What order of events is correct?
- CRH > ACTH > cortisol
- ACTH > CRH > cortisol
- ACTH > cortisol > CRH
- CRH > cortisol > ACTH
Question 4
Why does the body suppress the production of insulin during a stress response?
Answer indication
- Fight or flight.
- True.
- A.
- In order to conserve energy and fuel needed for the fight or flight response.
How does the heart respond to stress? - ExamTests 3
Questions
Question 1
What is the consequence of arteriosclerosis in the heart?
Answer indication
- Due to arteriosclerosis of the coronary arteries, the heart muscle receives too little oxygen, which can casue that part of the heart muscle to die (heart attack) and the pump function falls to a life-threatening level.
What is the effect of stress on diabetes and metabolism? - ExamTests 4
Questions
Question 1
What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
Question 2
Why is the combination of diabetes and stress so bad for health?
Answer indication
- Type 2 is acquired diabetes, diabetes because of old age, obesity or diabetes through excessive stress. Type 1 diabetes is juvenile diabetes.
- Cells receive too little glucose, fatty acids and glycerol. Under stressful conditions, more and more of these types of substances are made. There is an increased risk on atherosclerosis.
What is the relationship between stress, appetite and stomach ulcers? - ExamTests 5
Questions
Question 1
What is the IBS syndrome?
Question 2
What is the Helicobacter pylori and is it harmful?
Question 3
Weiss and Brady used gastric ulcers as dependent variables in their stress experiments with monkeys and rats. These ulcers would occur as the result of stress; due to overactivation of the autonomic nervous system and hormones. However, it has been known for a number of years that a bacterium (the Helicobacter Pylori) is responsible for stomach ulcers. Does this make a stress theory about the development of stomach ulcers untenable?
Answer indication
- It is the Irritable Bowel Syndrome; a disorder that can be reversible.
- It is a type of bacteria that is located in the stomach; harmless, until it interacts with stress or bad health behaviors such as the consumption of alcohol.
- No, since this particular bacterium is only harmful in the case of prolonged stress or bad health behaviors.
How does stress affect growth? - ExamTests 6
Questions
Question 1
Romanian orphans are often smaller than average. What could be the reason for this?
Answer indication
- Children in Romanian orphanages often receive less touch and love, causing diminished growth.
How does stress affect reproduction? - ExamTests 7
Questions
Question 1
What is the influence of stress on successfully getting pregnant through IVF (in vitro fertilization)?
Answer indication
- Few women will get successfully pregnant by the influence of stress.
What is the relationship between stress, the immune system and diseases? - ExamTests 8
Questions
Question 1
What are the functions of B- and T-cells?
Question 2
The immune system is suppressed during prolonged stress. The initial explanation for this was that the body tries to save energy and fuel. However, this is could not be the only explanation, since ...
Answer indication
- T-cells reproduce after binding to a macorphage. Killer cells are then activated, that destroy the invading cell. T-helper cells stimulate B-cells, that make antibodies and memory cells; that recognize the type of invading cell the next time.
- Cells of the immune system are broken down and removed during stress, which in fact do costs energy.
What influence does stress have on pain perception? - ExamTests 9
Questions
Question 1
Why are people inclined to scratch their insect bites?
Question 2
Explain the placebo-effect.
Answer indication
- We stimulate interneuron Y; by scratching and hurting the bitten area; to draw away the attention from neuron X; the itch that the insect bite causes.
- People can come to believe that a treatment they are taking is effective, resulting in them having reduced symptoms, or even no symptoms at all. In fact, the treatment does not really work. So in a psychological way, placebo treatment reduces the pain the person experiences.
How does the memory work under the influence of stress? - ExamTests 10
Questions
Question 1
What is Cushingoid dementia?
Question 2
Is there a causal relationship between having a small hippocampus and developing PTSD after a trauma?
Answer indication
- It occurs in people with Cushing's syndrome who excrete an increased level of glucocorticoids. This results in damage to the hippocampus, and possibly in Cushingoid dementia.
- There is a correlation between a smaller hippocampus and having PTSD; however, research is not sure yet about a potential causal relationship.
How is sleep influenced by stress? - ExamTests 11
Questions
Question 1
What are the different phases of sleep?
Question 2
During which of those phases of sleep does dreaming occur?
Question 3
How come that a bad recovery from a jet lag impairs your memory?
Answer indication
- The first two phases are superficial sleep, then come phase 3 and 4; which are phases of deep sleep. Lastly, the phase of REM sleep occurs.
- During the phase of REM sleep.
- Not being able to recover from a jet lag causes increased glucocorticoid levels, which in the long term can impair and damage the hippocampus. The hippocampus is essential for explicit memory; so this will become impaired.
How do stress, aging and mortality influence each other? - ExamTests 12
Questions
Question 1
What kind of neurological evidence was found that supports the idea that older people experience fewer negative emotions?
Answer indication
- Brain-imaging studies have shown that older people's brains respond less to negative images, and more to positive images.
What is meant by psychological stress? - ExamTests 13
Questions
Question 1
A researcher gives a group of rats food on predictable moments, and another group of rats the same amounts of food, only then on unpredictable moments. Will the second group of rats have a stress response and why?
Answer indication
- Yes, they will have a stress response, since even a positive trigger can become a stressor in the case of unpredictability.
In what sense can stress lead to depression, and vice versa? - ExamTests 14
Questions
Question 1
How can learned helplessness influence or stimulate the onset of a depressive episode?
Question 2
How did twin studies provide evidence for a genetic factor in depression?
Question 3
What are the common abnormalities in the brain of someone who is depressed?
Answer indication
- Learned helplessness makes a person believe that whatever he or she will try, he will never attain his goal. This results in a lack of motivation, a lack of positive self-evaluations, and a lack of pleasure. This can lead to a depressive episode.
- Research in fraternal twins has shown that if one of the two has a history of depression, the other has a twenty-five percent chance of developing depression as well. In this case, fifty percent of their genes are the same. With identical twins, this chance is fifty percent. Their genes are completely alike, so depression has at least some genetic component.
- The ACC, right PFC and amygdala are overly active. The hippocampus is smaller, leading to diffuculties involving the person's memory.
What do personality, temperament and stress have to do with each other? - ExamTests 15
Questions
Question 1
What personality types particularly suffer from a chronic stress response?
Answer indication
- Hostile personality types and oppressive personality types.
How does pleasure look organic and how does stress influence this? - ExamTests 16
Questions
Question 1
How do psychostimulants reduce the stress response, making it more likely for a person to keep on using drugs during stressful times?
Question 2
True or untrue? When there are a lot of complications during birth, the child will become more prone to develop a drug addiction in adulthood.
Answer indication
- Psychostimulants ensure that you will not notice the stressor as much, making the person believe that the stressor isn't there. So, the person will keep on abusing drugs in order not to feel stressed.
- True; at least in the case of rats.
What is the connection between illness and rank and poverty? - ExamTests 17
Questions
Question 1
Why is getting a level higher on the socio-economic ladder related to an increase in health?
Question 2
Nowadays, psychological stress is a way more important cause of disease than it was before the 20th century, or even before agriculture was developed. What is the reason for this?
Answer indication
- This has to do with the decreased amount of stressors in life that result from becoming richer; there will be fewer daily hassles and more social and material support. Also, the person in question feels like he has become less poor; which decreases stress.
- The diseases that we die from nowadays are most of the time chronic diseases; instead of one single illness caused by a virus or bacteria. Chronic illnesses often aggravate by the influence of stress.
In which ways can stress be dealt with? - ExamTests 18
Questions
Question 1
Which of the following statements is/are true?
I Stress can accelarate the process of aging
II Elderly often deal less efficiently with stress
- I is true
- II is true
- Both I and II are true
- Both I and II are untrue
Question 2
How does social support reduce the negative consequences of stress?
Answer indication
- C.
- The presence of social support makes sure that one experiences a stressor as less stressful.
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Studiegids bij Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: The Acclaimed Guide to Stress, Stress-Related Diseases, and Coping van Sapolsky
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Stress, health and disease: Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers by Robert Sapolsky - Bundle
Chapter summaries from the book: Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers by Robert Sapolsky. Only chapters that are required to be read (according to syllabus) will be included
Summaries per chapter with the 3rd edition of Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: The Acclaimed Guide to Stress, Stress-Related Diseases, and Coping by Sapolsky
Summaries per chapter with the 3rd edition of Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: The Acclaimed Guide to Stress, Stress-Related Diseases, and Coping by Sapolsky
Why zebras don’t get ulcers - Sapolski - 3rd edition
Hoi Stan,
Hierij mijn update bij de opdracht.
Ik ben benieuwd naar je feedback op de hoofdstukken in het Nederlands. Er moet zoveel aan de oude samenvatting worden verbeterd dat ikzelf soms even niet meer zie wat beter kan en wat al goed is.
Dezelfde
...Book Summary - Why zebras don’t get ulcers by Sapolsky (3rd edition)
- What basic principles of human functioning are important? - Chapter 1
- What happens in the body during a stress response? - Chapter 2
- How does the heart respond to stress? - Chapter 3
- What is the effect of stress on diabetes and metabolism? - Chapter 4
- What is the relationship between stress, appetite and stomach ulcers? - Chapter 5
- How does stress affect growth? - Chapter 6
- How does stress affect reproduction? - Chapter 7
- What is the relationship between stress, the immune system and diseases? - Chapter 8
- What influence does stress have on pain perception? - Chapter 9
- How does the memory work under the influence of stress? - Chapter 10
- How is sleep influenced by stress? - Chapter 11
- How do stress, aging and mortality influence each other? - Chapter 12
- What is meant by psychological stress? - Chapter 13
- In what sense can stress lead to depression, and vice versa? - Chapter 14
- What do personality, temperament and stress have to do with each other? - Chapter 15
- How does pleasure look organic and how does stress influence this? - Chapter 16
- What is the connection between illness and rank and poverty? - Chapter 17
- In which ways can stress be dealt with? - Chapter 18
What basic principles of human functioning are important? - Chapter 1
What has changed in common disease patterns?
In recent decades, much has changed in common disease patterns. Partly due to advances in the development of pharmacy, the patterns now look very different and are no longer comparable with, for example, diseases that our ancestors died from. Nowadays , more and more people suffer from heart failure and cardio-vascular diseases than, for example , from infections and malnutrition. In connection with this change in disease patterns, the picture of how we view diseases has also undergone changes. We have discovered that there is a strong connection between emotions and the biological processes in our body. Our thoughts, feelings and personalities influence these processes in our body , which can cause that two people who get the same disease to go through a totally different course of the disease. Stress also affects our health and can even make us feel sick. However, stress can lead to adaptation of the body to certain situations in order to survive. In this way, the neurons in our brain can survive for five minutes without oxygen during a heart attack , without being permanently damaged .
In addition to differences between people of today and of the past , there are also differences between people and animals. This difference mainly concerns the area of how they
.....read moreExamtests with the 3rd edition of Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: The Acclaimed Guide to Stress, Stress-Related Diseases, and Coping by Sapolsky
- What basic principles of human functioning are important? - ExamTests 1
- What happens in the body during a stress response? - ExamTests 2
- How does the heart respond to stress? - ExamTests 3
- What is the effect of stress on diabetes and metabolism? - ExamTests 4
- What is the relationship between stress, appetite and stomach ulcers? - ExamTests 5
- How does stress affect growth? - ExamTests 6
- How does stress affect reproduction? - ExamTests 7
- What is the relationship between stress, the immune system and diseases? - ExamTests 8
- What influence does stress have on pain perception? - ExamTests 9
- How does the memory work under the influence of stress? - ExamTests 10
- How is sleep influenced by stress? - ExamTests 11
- How do stress, aging and mortality influence each other? - ExamTests 12
- What is meant by psychological stress? - ExamTests 13
- In what sense can stress lead to depression, and vice versa? - ExamTests 14
- What do personality, temperament and stress have to do with each other? - ExamTests 15
- How does pleasure look organic and how does stress influence this? - ExamTests 16
- What is the connection between illness and rank and poverty? - ExamTests 17
- In which ways can stress be dealt with? - ExamTests 18
What basic principles of human functioning are important? - ExamTests 1
Questions
Question 1
What is allostase?
Question 2
Which of the following is no function of the biological 'fight or flight' stress response?
- Limiting damage
- Transporting oxygen to the muscles
- Causing negative emotions
- Saving energy by suppressing unnecessary bodily activities
Question 3
During the stress response the sympathetic nervous system is active / deactivated and the parasympathetic nervous system is active / deactivated.
Answer indication
- Allostase is a balanced state of the body. Attaining the state of allostase in the body happens through the secretion of stress hormones and mediators by the brain.
- C.
- Active, deactivated.
What happens in the body during a stress response? - ExamTests 2
Answers
Question 1
From an evolutionary perspective, what does one try to do in the case of a stress response?
Question 2
True or untrue: The adrenal gland is responsible for excreting adrenalin.
Question 3
What order of events is correct?
- CRH > ACTH > cortisol
- ACTH > CRH > cortisol
- ACTH > cortisol > CRH
- CRH > cortisol > ACTH
Question 4
Why does the body suppress the production of insulin during a stress
.....read moreBook Summary - Why zebras don’t get ulcers by Sapolsky (3rd edition)
- What basic principles of human functioning are important? - Chapter 1
- What happens in the body during a stress response? - Chapter 2
- How does the heart respond to stress? - Chapter 3
- What is the effect of stress on diabetes and metabolism? - Chapter 4
- What is the relationship between stress, appetite and stomach ulcers? - Chapter 5
- How does stress affect growth? - Chapter 6
- How does stress affect reproduction? - Chapter 7
- What is the relationship between stress, the immune system and diseases? - Chapter 8
- What influence does stress have on pain perception? - Chapter 9
- How does the memory work under the influence of stress? - Chapter 10
- How is sleep influenced by stress? - Chapter 11
- How do stress, aging and mortality influence each other? - Chapter 12
- What is meant by psychological stress? - Chapter 13
- In what sense can stress lead to depression, and vice versa? - Chapter 14
- What do personality, temperament and stress have to do with each other? - Chapter 15
- How does pleasure look organic and how does stress influence this? - Chapter 16
- What is the connection between illness and rank and poverty? - Chapter 17
- In which ways can stress be dealt with? - Chapter 18
What basic principles of human functioning are important? - Chapter 1
What has changed in common disease patterns?
In recent decades, much has changed in common disease patterns. Partly due to advances in the development of pharmacy, the patterns now look very different and are no longer comparable with, for example, diseases that our ancestors died from. Nowadays , more and more people suffer from heart failure and cardio-vascular diseases than, for example , from infections and malnutrition. In connection with this change in disease patterns, the picture of how we view diseases has also undergone changes. We have discovered that there is a strong connection between emotions and the biological processes in our body. Our thoughts, feelings and personalities influence these processes in our body , which can cause that two people who get the same disease to go through a totally different course of the disease. Stress also affects our health and can even make us feel sick. However, stress can lead to adaptation of the body to certain situations in order to survive. In this way, the neurons in our brain can survive for five minutes without oxygen during a heart attack , without being permanently damaged .
In addition to differences between people of today and of the past , there are also differences between people and animals. This difference mainly concerns the area of how they
.....read moreHormones and psychiatric disorders - summary of part of Why zebras don't get ulcers: The acclaimed guide to stress, stress-related diseases, and coping-now revised and updated by Sapolsky
Why zebras don't get ulcers: The acclaimed guide to stress, stress-related diseases, and coping-now revised and updated
By: Sapolsky, R. M. (2004).
New York: Henry Holt.
The hormones of the stress-repsonse
As the master gland, the brain can experience or think of something stressful and activate components of the stress-response hormonally.
Some of the hypothalamus-pituitary-peripheral gland links are activated during stress, some inhibited.
Two hormones vital to the stress-response released by the sympathetic nervous system:
- Epinephrine
- Norepinephrine
Acts within seconds
Another important class of hormones in the response to stress are called glucocorticoids.
These are steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal gland.
Back the epinephrine activity up over the course of minutes to hours.
Because the adrenal gland is basically witless, glucocorticoid release must ultimately be under the control of the hormones of the brain.
When something stressful happens or you think a stressful thought, the hypothalamus secretes an array of releasing hormones into the hypothalamic-pituitary circulatory system that gets the ball rolling.
The principal such releaser is CRH (coticotropin releasing hormone).
A variety of minor players synergize with CRH
Withing fifteen seconds, CRH triggers the pituitary to release ACTH (corticotrpin) in the bloodstream.
ACTH reaches the adrenal gland and (in a few minutes) triggers glucocorticoid release.
Together, glucocorticoids and the secretions of the sympathetic nervous system (epinephrine and norepinephrine) account for a large percentage of what happens in your body during stress.
In times of stress, your pancreas is stimulated to release a hormone called glucagon.
Glucocorticoids, glucagon, and the systematic nervous system raise circulating levels of the sugar glucose.
These hormones are essential for mobilizing energy during stress.
Other hormones are activated as well.
The pituitary secretes prolactin, which plays a role in suppressing reproduction during stress.
Both the pituitary and the brain secrete endorphins and enkephalins, which help blunt pain perception.
The pituitary secretes vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone), which plays a role in the cardiovascular stress response.
Various hormonal systems are inhibited during stress
The secretion of various reproductive hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are inhibited.
Hormones related to growth are also inhibited.
As are the secretin of insulin.
A few complications
Fight or flight response is a way of conceptualizing the stress-response as preparing the body for that sudden burst of energy demands.
This might be different in females.
In most species, females are typically less aggressive than males, and having dependent young often precludes the option of flight.
Some suggest that the female stress-response is about
PREVIEW - Book Summary - Why zebras don’t get ulcers van Sapolsky (3rd edition)
What basic principles of human functioning are important? - Chapter 1
What has changed in common disease patterns?
In recent decades, much has changed in common disease patterns. Partly due to advances in the development of pharmacy, the patterns now look very different and are no longer comparable with, for example, diseases that our ancestors died from. Nowadays , more and more people suffer from heart failure and cardio-vascular diseases than, for example , from infections and malnutrition. In connection with this change in disease patterns, the picture of how we view diseases has also undergone changes. We have discovered that there is a strong connection between emotions and the biological processes in our body. Our thoughts, feelings and personalities influence these processes in our body , which can cause that two people who get the same disease to go through a totally different course of the disease. Stress also affects our health and can even make us feel sick. However, stress can lead to adaptation of the body to certain situations in order to survive. In this way, the neurons in our brain can survive for five minutes without oxygen during a heart attack , without being permanently damaged .
In addition to differences between people of today and of the past , there are also differences between people and animals. This difference mainly concerns the area of how they experience stress. Animals experience stress only in acute physical crisis situations. Consider the following example: A zebra is hunted by a tiger. The zebra will suddenly have to run , in order to bring itself to safety . The zebra can even be injured by the tiger and still keep on trying to flee. At this point, a lot of things are physically demanded of the zebra. However, their body appears to be perfectly capable of dealing with this type of stress. People, on the other hand, more often experience chronic physical stress instead of acute stress. For example, when a farmer's crops have been eaten by animals, he will have to get his food from somewhere else for a long period of time. For example, he will have to walk much further each time to get some food . Because every time, for a long time, he has to make more effort for his food, he undergoes chronic physical stress. The human body can handle this type of stress reasonably well.
In addition to acute and chronic physical stress, there is a third form of stress, which is psychological and social stress. This type of stress is typical for humans. What
.....read moreStress, health and disease: Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers by Robert Sapolsky - Bundle
Chapter summaries from the book: Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers by Robert Sapolsky. Only chapters that are required to be read (according to syllabus) will be included
The Sapolski Bundel: samenvattingen en oefenmateriaal voor 'Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers' (NL)
Samenvattingen, studiehulp en oefenmateriaal voor gebruik bij het boek 'Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: The Acclaimed Guide to Stress, Stress-Related Diseases, and Coping' van Sapolsky
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