Examtests with of Pioneers of Psychology by Fancher and Rutherford - 5th edition

Philosophy of the mind: what are the thoughts of Descartes, Locke and Leibniz? - Examtests 2

Questions with chapter 2

Question 1

Empiricists believe that:

1. Some truths are innate
2. The criterion for truth lies in the intellect
3. Truth is determined by scientific research
4. Knowledge has a sensory origin

Question 2

According to Descartes animals were:

1. Psychologically equal to humans, only of a simpler version
2. So different from people that they were worthless as a scientific subject
3. Mechanical automatons without consciousness
4. Identical to people in the most essential qualities

Question 3

The ideas that changed the life of the young Descartes in Ulm and set in motion his career as a philosopher and scientist, were mainly about:

1. Emotions
2. The reflex
3. A method for gaining knowledge
4. The dualism between body and mind

Question 4

Look at the following statements:

I. According to Locke, secondary qualities are less certain and more important than primary qualities

II. Primary qualities are for example firmness and extension, secondary qualities are, for example, sounds and colors

1. I is incorrect, II is correct
2. I is correct, II is incorrect
3. I and II are both correct
4. I and II are both incorrect

Question 5

When Descartes realized that he should doubt everything, except for his own existance , he got a direct assurance of:

1. The existence of the material world
2. The reality of his rational mind
3. The immortality of the soul
4. The reliability of his senses

Question 6

Which label or stream would be suitable for Descartes?

1. Nativist
2. Rationalist
3. Dualist
4. A, B and C

Question 7

According to Descartes, where did the most important interaction between body and mind occur?

1. Divided over the body
2. In the pineal gland
3. Divided over the brain
4. Nowhere, since the two can not interact in space

Question 8

Locke suggested .... as a metaphor for the human brain at birth.

1. A white sheet of paper that has not been written on
2. A tabula rasa or blank slate
3. A veined marble slab
4. Both A and B

Question 9

Locke's original intention of writing his 'Essay Concerning Human Understanding' was to discover what exactly?

1. How to evaluate different religious doctrines
2. Every philosophical system was best supported by the new scientific research
3. Which administrative system would produce the greatest general prosperity
4. What child of correct knowledge the human brain could not acquire

Question 10

Which view of Descartes was responsible for the fact that it became the object of psychology?

1. His dualism
2. His idea that the body is a machine
3. His idea about the role of the pineal gland
4. His vitalism

Question 11

The speed of light was, according to the theory of Decartes:

1. Equal to the speed of the earth around the sun
2. Equal to the speed of sound
3. Infinite
4. Finite but immeasurable

Question 12

What does Descartes consider the criterion of (or the key to) the truth?

1. God's Truth
2. Everything we see clearly and clearly
3. "I think, therefore I am"
4. Congenital ideas

Question 13

How did Descartes define the soul / spirit? What did this definition mean for psychology for a long time?

Question 14

How do we, according to Descartes, come into the possesion of indescribable knowledge?

Question 15

Discuss the concept of individualism plays a role in the views of Descartes and Hobbes.

Question 16

Explain the difference between the rationalist philosophy / psychology or Descartes and the empiric psychology of Locke. Also explain the connection with the nature-nurture discussion.

Answers with chapter 2

Question 1

D

Question 2

C

Question 3

C

Question 4

C

Question 5

B

Question 6

D

Question 7

B

Question 8

B

Question 9

D

Question 10

a

Question 11

C

Question 12

B

Question 13

• Thinking substance. This takes up no space, the "soul" or the "spirit" because it has no physical mass . This is where thinking comes from: doubting, understanding, confirming, denying, wanting, refusing, and kind of like activities. Also called: 'free will'.
• Substance that takes up space. The body: res extensa. The characteristics of the body are measurable and calculable according to Descartes. (see Harvey's discovery of the circulatory system). Not only reflexes such as the 'knee reflex', 'digestion', 'breathing', 'yawning', but also 'perceiving', 'memory', 'feelings', 'drifting'.
• Descartes is a dualist. According to him there is one: According to Descartes, man is more than just a machine! After all, man is not merely a machine (with causal connections, and laws, determined by cause and effect), but also consists of a substance that does not work according to the laws of a mechanism! So man has a free will! (This idea of individual freedom also fitted seamlessly into a market society where the 'individual' started to play an ever greater role.) Man is thus an autonomous individual, who finds the basis of his moral action in himself. What did this mean for psychology? This definition has a long time clearly defined what the research was object of psychology. The issues that were based on the functioning of the res extensa or 'machine' in man were the research object of medicine. The things that were allowed to write to the psyche (res cogitans) were the research object of psycholgy. Also, with the dualism of Descartes ('there are two substances') the mind-body problem has arisen, which is still a problem in psychology.

Question 14

Descartes as a rationalist, according to him, can gain undoubted knowledge with our minds. As in mathematics, he reasons from axioms. That is why there are two groups of indisputable knowledge:

• congenital unquestionable knowledge (compare with the axioms of mathematics)
• reasoned undoubted knowledge (ie the propositions reasoning from the axioms according to the deductive method)

But how does he arrive at that congenital unquestionable knowledge? How does he know that his axioms are 'true'? To this end, he did the famous doubt experiment. Descartes threw everything he doubted overboard. He tried to convince the skeptics. Skeptics think that unquestionable knowledge does not exist. Against empiricism they are imply that the world is changing every day so that are not a solid foundation for knowledge. They question the axioms against rationalism: they are not provable. Descartes thought that unquestionable knowledge was what he was absolutely certain. During the doubt experiment, Descartes was certain of a thing: the fact that he was doubting. And because he had doubts he had to exist, he reasoned: 'cogito ergo sum'. Later he also added other 'certainties', for example' the existence of God ',' the reliability of mathematics' and 'what we see is real '.

Question 15

According to Hobbes, people act on what they give 'pleasure'. That is therefore very individualistic. Too individualistic, according to Hobbes. In the natural state are therefore wolves for each other. The solution is the social contract that must be under the supervision of an absolute monarch. According to Descartes, man is an individual, because he is autonomous in his thinking. 'Cogito ergo sum', I think, so I am. Man is also responsible for gaining knowledge.

Question 16

Descartes believed that by using your mind you could come to indisputable knowledge. This undoubted knowledge is partly derived from innate knowledge and partly from deductively reasoned knowledge. He designed the doubt experiment to prove the undoubted knowledge. Because he believes in innate knowledge, Descartes is on the nature side of the nature-nurture discussion. Locke did not believe in innate knowledge. If there are generally accepted principles, logical laws, why not think about it, he thought. According to Locke, knowledge comes from experience. He is therefore on the nurture side of the debate.

Physiologists of the mind: which important scientists are investigating the brain in the period between Gall and Penfield? - Examtests 3

Questions with chapter 3

Question 1

Karl Lashley tried to test the hypothesis of memory localization. He did this by cutting away pieces of the brain and examining the effects of:

1. Rats that had been learned by walking a maze
2. Birds
3. People suffering from incurable diseases
4. Both a, b and c

Question 2

Fritsch and Hitzig devoted a new era in brain research when they electrically stimulated the cortex of a dog in 1870. What functional area did they discover?

1. The motor projection area
2. The auditory area
3. The motor memory
4. The visual area

Question 3

Which of the following contributors did Franz Gall deliver?

1. He founded the science of phrenology
2. He gave good arguments for the brain as an organ of the mind
3. He made several important neuro-anatomical discoveries
4. Both a, b and c

Question 4

With what tactics did Flourens refute phrenology?

1. Restoring man after brain operations
2. Electrical stimulation or parts of the animal brain
3. Surgical removal of parts of the brain of animals
4. Observing people with brain damage

Question 5

Lasley's principle that execution or complex functions is impaired depending on the amount of brain injury, is known as:

1. Law of mass action
2. Lashley's law
3. Principle of equitentiality
4. Principle of conslancy

Question 6

The history of psychology that describes phrenology as a form of neuroscience is:

1. Historical
2. Epistemological
3. Constructivist
4. Non-existent

Question 7

Flourens discovered through his research that .... was responsible for the coordination of voluntary

movements

1. The cortex
2. The cerebellum
3. The neocortex
4. The basal ganglia

Question 8

Wernicke's aphasia involves:

1. Having difficulty with speech production
2. Having difficulty understanding language
3. A and b are both correct
4. A and b are both incorrect

Question 9

The Phrenology can be regarded as the precursor to various later developments in psychology. Which development was not important to the starting of the phrenology?

1. Localization of psychic functions in the brain
2. Differential (personality) psychology
3. Psychological testing and diagnostics
4. The increasing use of introspection

Question 10

Gall's phrenological theory had a wrong assumption. Which?

1. Specific psychological functions can be localized in specific parts of the brain.
2. The language function is located near the front of the cortex.
3. The shape of the skull is an accurate representation of the shape of the underlying brain.
4. All the above answers are correct.

Question 11

Show that the brain physiology of Flourens still clearly shows characteristics of Cartesian dualism.

Answers with chapter 3

Question 1

A

Question 2

A

Question 3

A

Question 4

C

Question 5

A

Question 6

D

Question 7

B

Question 8

B

Question 9

D

Question 10

C

Question 11

Flourens removed pieces of brains from his experimental animals and observed what consequences this had for their behaviors. With his experiments he came to the following conclusions:

• The cerebrum (the big brain) exercises the higher consciousness functions or wanting, judging, remembering and perception. Here lies the consciousness and the free will.
• The cerebellum coordinates movement. The medulla oblongata is essential for important life functions such as breathing.

The sensing and perceptive mind: what developments took place in this area in the period between Kant and the Gestalt psychologists? - Examtests 4

Questions with chapter 4

Question 1

The law of Fechner formulates a relationship between these two things:

1. Stimulus and physical intensity
2. Stimulus and perception
3. Stimulus and stimulus
4. Stimulus and sensation

Question 2

With 'nightansight', Fechner meant that:

1. The universe is inspired
2. The human spirit is fundamentally unknowable
3. Souled matter obeying other laws than dead matter
4. The universe consists only of moving matter

Question 3

An important consequence of accepting the mechanistic teachings by Helmholtz and his students was:

1. That they lost their superiors such as Müller, and were repudiated to an opposition role.
2. They were encouraged to solve problems that had seemed unsolvable, such as analyzing and measuring the nerve impulse.
3. That they eventually carried out the ultimate experiment with which vitalism was completely shut down.
4. Both a, b and c are correct.

Question 4

An important hypothetical process in Helmholtz's theory of underlying perceptual phenomena such as depth perception was:

1. Inductive reasoning
2. Unconscious inference
3. Practical intuition
4. Unconscious rationalization

Question 5

Helmholtz's experiment with the frog nerve indicated that the speed of a nerve impulse was:

1. Finite but too fast to measure with the tools of the time
2. Slow enough to suggest that the reaction time in large animals lasted two or more seconds
3. Was infinite
4. Was the same as that of electric current in a wire

Question 6

The Law of Fechner holds in that an increase in physical intensity or a stimulus caused .... In the psychological intensity of sensation .

1. Smaller increase
2. Just as big increase
3. Decline
4. Larger increase

Question 7

With Tagesansicht referred to Fechner that:

1. Only the material universe can be known
2. Science must take a materialistic view
3. The entire universe is inspired
4. Mechanical laws will also be able to explain psychological processes

Question 8

According to Helmholtz patches of colored light in the landscape are... .., and trees, grass and air ...

1. Perception / sensation
2. Primary colors / perception
3. Unconscious inference / conscious
4. Sensation / perception

Question 9

The law of Fechner is about the relationship between

1. Physical and physiological stimuli
2. Different sensory
3. Perception and apperception
4. Intensities Intensity of the physical stimulus and intensity of the sensation

Question 10

That all living beings are infused with ultimate NON-analysable life energy is the theorem of:

1. Vitalism
2. Mechanism
3. Transcendental idealism
4. Preservation of energy

Question 11

A concept that by David Hume's skeptic philosophy disputed, and which Immanuel Kant tried to save in his philosophical reformulation, was:

1. Analytical geometry
2. Specific nerve energies
3. Causality
4. The soul

Question 12

What concept of physics did Kohler try to integrate Gestalt psychology with?

1. Newtonian attraction and repulsion
2. The Phi phenomenon
3. The force field
4. The uncertainty principle

Question 13

Helmholtz's attempt to measure the velocity of the nerve impulses in human subjects ...

1. gave consistent results almost identical to the results for the frog nerve
2. showed that the speed was too high to be able to measure in people
3. helped to introduce the "reaction time method" in psychology
4. Both A and B

Question 14

According to Gestalt psychologists, our perceptual processes tend to:

1. Organize complex accumulations or stimuli in comparable groups
2. The perceptual field to be divided into the figure and ground
3. Organizing the visual field in units
4. All the above answers are correct

Question 15

Kant incorporates realistic, idealistic, empirical and rationalistic ideas into his knowledge doctrine. Indicate how.

Question 16

Explain why Muller's teachings of the specific nerve qualities are similar to Kant's theory of knowledge. In what way do they differ?

Answers with chapter 4

Question 1

D

Question 2

D

Question 3

B

Question 4

B

Question 5

B

Question 6

D

Question 7

C

Question 8

D

Question 9

D

Question 10

A

Question 11

C

Question 12

C

Question 13

C

Question 14

D

Question 15

Realism: The reality is according to Kant, the cause of the sensations received by the senses.

Empiricism: According to Kant, sensory data is the basis for knowledge.

Rationalism: These sensory data are processed by a-priori schemes (space / time and categories).

Without these schemas we would not be able to understand the world and thus form a necessary step in the formation of knowledge.

Idealism: The frameworks (space / time) and categories create two realities:

• The 'real' reality, Kant calls this 'thing an sich',
• and reality as we experience it, reality transformed by the frameworks and categories.

Question 16

Muller states firstly that we do not do objects and events in the outside world directly, but that we are dependent on what our nerves offer us. Our nerves therefore mediate between the objects and the consciousness, and we depend on their capacity. Secondly, the same stimulus that occurs to different senses, which results in the perception belonging to different senses: a sun beam can, for example, lead to the perception of heat (skin) and of light (eyes). Then it is also true that it does not matters for the observing of a stimulus whether it comes from inside or outside. This makes it impossible to know the 'real' objective reality. In Kant's philosophy we also see two different realities: The 'real' reality, Kant calls this 'thing an sich', andthe reality as we experience it: reality transformed by the frameworks (space / time) and categories.

How did Wundt develop experimental psychology? - Examtests 5

Questions with chapter 5

Question 1

For which psychological specialism has the relevance of Wundt's theories been recently recognized?

1. Dimensional studies of feeling, emotions and attitude
2. Language psychology
3. Theories on schizophrenia
4. Both a, b and c

Question 2

The interospective techniques of Wundt asked for:

1. A memory of many events from childhood
2. A sensitivity and interest of the subjects in their own emotional life
3. A deep analysis of precisely defined mental states by accurately trained test subjects
4. Both b and c

Question 3

Wilhelm Wundt is known as the founding father of modern psychology. His work ...

1. Involved mainly in intelligence
2. measurements came from the practical psychology of Herbart and Fechner
3. Was very practically focused
4. None of three

Question 4

What was one of the most important topics in Wundt's Völker psychology?

1. The tri-dimensional theory of feeling
2. Mental chronometry
3. Language
4. Both a, b and c

Question 5

When considering the expected stimulus instead of the required stimuli according to Wundt, it was called:

1. Sensation
2. Antiception
3. Apperception
4. Perception

Question 6

The psychology of Wundt:

1. Comes from the practicalof Fechner
2. psychology affects applied psychology
3. Is practically oriented
4. None of these answers is correct

Question 7

In Wundt's schemata, what are the four basic dimensions of sensations?

1. Mode, quality, intensity, duration
2. Height, width, depth, time
3. Size, clarity, interest, direction
4. Activity, tension, pleasantness, frequency

Question 8

What did the Volker psychology of Wundt mean?

Question 9

Why did Ebbinghaus use meaningless syllables in his memory experiments?

Answers with chapter 5

Question 1

D

Question 2

C

Question 3

D

Question 4

C

Question 5

C

Question 6

D

Question 7

A

Question 8

Wundt thought that higher mental processes such as language and thinking were not susceptible to experimental research, even with his objectified introspection. This was because these processes develop in a social process and belong to a certain culture. Therefore they can only be studied on the basis of products of that culture. In the production of a culture you can think of things like language and jurisprudence.

Question 9

Ebbinghaus wanted to investigate the capacity of the memory. By using meaningless syllables he avoided associations that could facilitate the learning process. If he had used meaningful, existing associations, he could not say anything about learning new material, and existing associations differ per person.

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