Psychology and behavorial sciences - Theme
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Empiricists believe that:
According to Descartes animals were:
The ideas that changed the life of the young Descartes in Ulm and set in motion his career as a philosopher and scientist, were mainly about:
Look at the following statements:
I. According to Locke, secondary qualities are less certain and more important than primary qualities
II. Primary qualities are for example firmness and extension, secondary qualities are, for example, sounds and colors
When Descartes realized that he should doubt everything, except for his own existance , he got a direct assurance of:
Which label or stream would be suitable for Descartes?
According to Descartes, where did the most important interaction between body and mind occur?
Locke suggested .... as a metaphor for the human brain at birth.
Locke's original intention of writing his 'Essay Concerning Human Understanding' was to discover what exactly?
Which view of Descartes was responsible for the fact that it became the object of psychology?
The speed of light was, according to the theory of Decartes:
What does Descartes consider the criterion of (or the key to) the truth?
How did Descartes define the soul / spirit? What did this definition mean for psychology for a long time?
How do we, according to Descartes, come into the possesion of indescribable knowledge?
Discuss the concept of individualism plays a role in the views of Descartes and Hobbes.
Explain the difference between the rationalist philosophy / psychology or Descartes and the empiric psychology of Locke. Also explain the connection with the nature-nurture discussion.
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Descartes as a rationalist, according to him, can gain undoubted knowledge with our minds. As in mathematics, he reasons from axioms. That is why there are two groups of indisputable knowledge:
But how does he arrive at that congenital unquestionable knowledge? How does he know that his axioms are 'true'? To this end, he did the famous doubt experiment. Descartes threw everything he doubted overboard. He tried to convince the skeptics. Skeptics think that unquestionable knowledge does not exist. Against empiricism they are imply that the world is changing every day so that are not a solid foundation for knowledge. They question the axioms against rationalism: they are not provable. Descartes thought that unquestionable knowledge was what he was absolutely certain. During the doubt experiment, Descartes was certain of a thing: the fact that he was doubting. And because he had doubts he had to exist, he reasoned: 'cogito ergo sum'. Later he also added other 'certainties', for example' the existence of God ',' the reliability of mathematics' and 'what we see is real '.
According to Hobbes, people act on what they give 'pleasure'. That is therefore very individualistic. Too individualistic, according to Hobbes. In the natural state are therefore wolves for each other. The solution is the social contract that must be under the supervision of an absolute monarch. According to Descartes, man is an individual, because he is autonomous in his thinking. 'Cogito ergo sum', I think, so I am. Man is also responsible for gaining knowledge.
Descartes believed that by using your mind you could come to indisputable knowledge. This undoubted knowledge is partly derived from innate knowledge and partly from deductively reasoned knowledge. He designed the doubt experiment to prove the undoubted knowledge. Because he believes in innate knowledge, Descartes is on the nature side of the nature-nurture discussion. Locke did not believe in innate knowledge. If there are generally accepted principles, logical laws, why not think about it, he thought. According to Locke, knowledge comes from experience. He is therefore on the nurture side of the debate.
Karl Lashley tried to test the hypothesis of memory localization. He did this by cutting away pieces of the brain and examining the effects of:
Fritsch and Hitzig devoted a new era in brain research when they electrically stimulated the cortex of a dog in 1870. What functional area did they discover?
Which of the following contributors did Franz Gall deliver?
With what tactics did Flourens refute phrenology?
Lasley's principle that execution or complex functions is impaired depending on the amount of brain injury, is known as:
The history of psychology that describes phrenology as a form of neuroscience is:
Flourens discovered through his research that .... was responsible for the coordination of voluntary
movements
Wernicke's aphasia involves:
The Phrenology can be regarded as the precursor to various later developments in psychology. Which development was not important to the starting of the phrenology?
Gall's phrenological theory had a wrong assumption. Which?
Show that the brain physiology of Flourens still clearly shows characteristics of Cartesian dualism.
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Flourens removed pieces of brains from his experimental animals and observed what consequences this had for their behaviors. With his experiments he came to the following conclusions:
The law of Fechner formulates a relationship between these two things:
With 'nightansight', Fechner meant that:
An important consequence of accepting the mechanistic teachings by Helmholtz and his students was:
An important hypothetical process in Helmholtz's theory of underlying perceptual phenomena such as depth perception was:
Helmholtz's experiment with the frog nerve indicated that the speed of a nerve impulse was:
The Law of Fechner holds in that an increase in physical intensity or a stimulus caused .... In the psychological intensity of sensation .
With Tagesansicht referred to Fechner that:
According to Helmholtz patches of colored light in the landscape are... .., and trees, grass and air ...
The law of Fechner is about the relationship between
That all living beings are infused with ultimate NON-analysable life energy is the theorem of:
A concept that by David Hume's skeptic philosophy disputed, and which Immanuel Kant tried to save in his philosophical reformulation, was:
What concept of physics did Kohler try to integrate Gestalt psychology with?
Helmholtz's attempt to measure the velocity of the nerve impulses in human subjects ...
According to Gestalt psychologists, our perceptual processes tend to:
Kant incorporates realistic, idealistic, empirical and rationalistic ideas into his knowledge doctrine. Indicate how.
Explain why Muller's teachings of the specific nerve qualities are similar to Kant's theory of knowledge. In what way do they differ?
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Realism: The reality is according to Kant, the cause of the sensations received by the senses.
Empiricism: According to Kant, sensory data is the basis for knowledge.
Rationalism: These sensory data are processed by a-priori schemes (space / time and categories).
Without these schemas we would not be able to understand the world and thus form a necessary step in the formation of knowledge.
Idealism: The frameworks (space / time) and categories create two realities:
Muller states firstly that we do not do objects and events in the outside world directly, but that we are dependent on what our nerves offer us. Our nerves therefore mediate between the objects and the consciousness, and we depend on their capacity. Secondly, the same stimulus that occurs to different senses, which results in the perception belonging to different senses: a sun beam can, for example, lead to the perception of heat (skin) and of light (eyes). Then it is also true that it does not matters for the observing of a stimulus whether it comes from inside or outside. This makes it impossible to know the 'real' objective reality. In Kant's philosophy we also see two different realities: The 'real' reality, Kant calls this 'thing an sich', andthe reality as we experience it: reality transformed by the frameworks (space / time) and categories.
For which psychological specialism has the relevance of Wundt's theories been recently recognized?
The interospective techniques of Wundt asked for:
Wilhelm Wundt is known as the founding father of modern psychology. His work ...
What was one of the most important topics in Wundt's Völker psychology?
When considering the expected stimulus instead of the required stimuli according to Wundt, it was called:
The psychology of Wundt:
In Wundt's schemata, what are the four basic dimensions of sensations?
What did the Volker psychology of Wundt mean?
Why did Ebbinghaus use meaningless syllables in his memory experiments?
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Wundt thought that higher mental processes such as language and thinking were not susceptible to experimental research, even with his objectified introspection. This was because these processes develop in a social process and belong to a certain culture. Therefore they can only be studied on the basis of products of that culture. In the production of a culture you can think of things like language and jurisprudence.
Ebbinghaus wanted to investigate the capacity of the memory. By using meaningless syllables he avoided associations that could facilitate the learning process. If he had used meaningful, existing associations, he could not say anything about learning new material, and existing associations differ per person.
The theory of evolution through natural selection from Charles Darwin's Origin of Species presupposes the existence of:
The idea that political systems and societies evolve and 'advance' through unbridled competition and "the survival of the fittest" is often called ....
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The expression 'nature and nurture' was also popularized by:
An important weakness of Galton's intelligence tests in his anthropometric laboratory of 1884 was:
The main goal Galton had in mind when he developed his intelligence test was:
In Galton's studies of mental images, he was surprised by reports from scientists who seemed to point to:
When Galton studied his own associations, he discovered that:
The eugenics had an important influence on:
The science of improving stock, which takes recognition of all influences that tend to improve the best characteristics and makes the chance of them occuring higher than they otherwise would have, is a definition of:
Galton did a test for the measurement of intelligence in his anthropometric laboratory in 1884. He did this on the basis of:
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According to James, things could be seen as 'truth' when:
The philosophical what James belonged to was:
According to James, the best metaphor for conscious thinking is:
William James' most important contribution to psychology was probably:
In the introduction to Social History of Psychology, two forms of historiography are distinguished: the ancient history of psychology, and the new history of psychology. Characteristic of the 'new' history is:
The Educational Psychology of the American psychologist Thorndike ....
The Child Study Movement ...
An American school of Psychology that inspired James and emphasized individual differences and the intention of behavior was:
James's book 'The principles of psychology' has chapters on all the following topics, except:
Compare the learning theory of the Gestalt psychologist Kohler and the animal psychologist Thorndike.
You can say that functionalism occupies a nuanced position between extreme consciousness psychology and extreme behavioral psychology. Please argue this statement / indication
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Central to Köhler's learning theory is the concept of "insight" (the more or less sudden reorganization). of the entire perceptual field); this is a central mental process. In Thorndike's theory of learning, it involves initial "trial and error" behavior that results in a peripheral connection between an S and an R, reinforced by the reward (Law of Effect).
Functionalism emphasizes the coherence between the psychic and the physical, none of the two more important, it is about how they relate to each other.
According to John B Watson, a good behavioral psychology should:
The most important goal in carrying out the 'Little Albert experiment' was for Watson:
An important application of operant conditioning in educational problems is the development of:
The Utopian novel 'Walden Two' by Skinner describes a society:
A cumulative registration starts quite steeply and then smooths down, with here and there another peak due to a response characteristic of:
Watson writes in his book 'Behavior' that images and thoughts:
Watson found Pavlov's controlled reflex concept usable for his own concept because:
Which of the following statements is / are true?
In what way did Pavlov and his employees produce "experimental neurosis" in dogs?
Which idea was taken over by Pavlov?
What changes in operant condition? To what extent this is an addition to the classic conditioning?
What changes in classical conditioning: the stimulus or the response; and what is the unconditioned reflex? Compare this with the nineteenth-century definition (Marshal Hall) or reflex.
Show that Watson's behaviorism continues the tradition of empiricism and positivism.
In what sense does James' emotion theory differ from Watson's?
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In operant conditioning (Skinner) the response changes; new behavior is therefore learned which complements the classic conditioning where only the S changes.
What changes is the stimulus, the response remains the same. Conditioning is therefore stimulus substitution: a change in the environment, responsible for the occurrence of the R (conditio = condition, conditioning is therefore checking the conditions under which the behavior occurs). In Marshall Hall's definition of reflex, it was only an unchangeable, unconditioned reflex (a definite S together with a definite R).
Empiricism in Watson's behaviorism: the environment (the world) takes care of it through the senses behaviour; admittedly it is no longer about thoughts and ideas (as in empiricism) from eg Locke), but behavior due to environmental factors (S> R). Watson's positivism it appears from his banishment of "unobservables": all mental terms are either meaningless, either must be operationalized: translated into observation terms or statements. With fear is nothing but fear behavior.
With James there is still a feeling, a mental processing, of physiological or physical factors in an environment (O> G> M). With Watson it is only about behavior as a result of environmental factors (O> G).
In his research into hypnosis Binet toys with:
Systematically observing, influencing and controlling the behavior of individuals and groups is a description of:
In the 19th century, not only the scope of social management became ever greater, but it was social management also changed in nature. Typical was:
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Freud's self-analysis was especially important to him for the importance of .... to learn to appreciate.
When a man at work criticizes his director, and then at home is angrily shouting at his wife and the cat, this is known as:
In Freud's model of the psyche it is the .... that must resolve conflicts.
Psychoanalysis played an important role in the history of, among other things, ..
What are the characteristics of the secondary process according to Freud?
Psychoanalysis plays a major role in the history of:
Which statement about Freud is correct?
The case of Dora:
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The group-wise taking of intelligence tests was done for the first time ...
Which statement (s) is / are true?
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The discovery of various motor and sensory areas in the brain between 1870 and 1880 proved that:
Alfred Binet's intelligence test was intended for ...
According to Binet, intelligence is a ... .. property
Flourens's view of the brain emphasized:
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According to James' Principles of Psychology ':' .... Is the enormous fly-wheel of society, which saves the children of fortune from the uprising of the poor, and dooms us all to fight out of the battle of life on the lines of our nurture of our early choice. ' What should be on the dots?
The 'Turing test' is
Ulric Neisser's interest in cognitive psychology was stimulated by:
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