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You can speak of a lucid dream if, during the dream, you realize that you are dreaming. So you are aware of the fact that you are dreaming during your dream . Every day we take cycles with three states: (1) being vigilant, (2) REM ( Rapid Eye Movement ) sleep and (3) non-REM sleep . A cycle repeats itself four to five times a day. These sleep phases are classified based on physical measurements and behavior measurements.For example, during REM sleep, the brain is very active and the EEG pattern resembles that of someone who is awake. Yet it is more difficult to wake someone up in REM sleep than during non-REM sleep. During the non-REM sleep there are mainly long, but slow waves to be seen on the EEG. Adenosine is the most important neuromodulator that induces sleep.The REM cycle is guided by the reticular formation in the pons of the brainstem. Here are nuclei that constantly brake and activate REM sleep. Sensory input is blocked by the thalamus and the cortex during the non-REM sleep. During REM sleep, the brain blocks motor skills. Someone seems to be paralyzed during sleep. When people wake from a non-REM sleep, people often say that nothing has gone through their heads or that they have not thought of anything during their sleep. Reports of non-REM dreams are often short and have few details. When people wake up during the REM sleep, they often say that they have had a bizarre and complex dream.Research shows that there are similarities between the dreams that people have. Even the dreams in different cultures appear to be comparable. Men dream more often about men than women do. They also dream more often about aggressive interactions with other men. Children often dream about animals and are often the victim of aggression in dreams.There are several problems to generalize the above to all dreams, because of the effects of the...
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The problem of consciousness is related to some of the oldest questions of philosophy: what does the world consist of? Who am I? It relates to the mind-body problem: what is the relationship between the physical and the mental?
Despite the fact that we are learning more and more about the functioning of the brain, consciousness remains a mystery. In the past, they used the term 'élan vital' to explain how non-living things could be made alive. Nowadays this concept is no longer used, since we know that biological processes are responsible for this. Some scientists believe that the same will also happen with the term consciousness. Once we understand how brain processes create a sense of consciousness, then we might not need to use this term anymore.
Consciousness requires some sort of dualism: objectivity vs. subjectivity, inner vs. outer, mind vs. body...
For example: Take a pencil in your hand and look at it. You see the pencil from your own unique perspective, which you cannot share with others. The pencil is part of the outside world, your experience with the pencil is part of your inner world.
The way philosophers view the consciousness problem can generally be divided into monist theories, which suggest that there are one kind of things in the world, and dualist theories, which suggest that there are two kinds of things. Some theories state that the mental world is fundamental and some theories state that the physical world is fundamental.
Monistic theories assume that the world consists of only one kind of matter (body or mind). Some monistic theories state that everything consists of the mind, according to these theories we only have ideas and perceptions of a pencil. We do not know if a pencil really exists. People who assume this are called mentalists or idealists. Berkeley supported this principle. The disadvantage of this perspective is that we can never know for certain whether objects with fixed characteristics exist.
Materialists are also monists. They believe that there is only matter. An example for this is the identity theory, which states that mental experiences are the same as physical experiences. Another example is functionalism, which assumes that mental experiences are the same as functional experiences.
Epiphenomenalism assumes that physical processes cause mental events, but that mental events have no effect on physical events. Huxley was a supporter of this idea. He did not deny that consciousness or subjective experiences existed, but stated that they have no (causal) connection with physical processes. He used
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