Group Dynamics: Summaries, Study Notes & Practice Exams - UL
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Lecture notes with Group Dynamics at the Leiden University
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- Common group characteristics are interaction, common goals, interdependence, group structure and cohesion.
- Groups are rather subjective.
- Behavior = f (person x situation). Belonging or not belonging to a group affects your behavior.
- We all filled out the questionnaire of Social Value Orientation. People who always choose for an equal split of the points are considered prosocial. People who always choose to have more points than the other, are considered individualistic. People who want to make this difference as big as possible, are considered competitive.
- However, one’s answers on this questionnaire may differ depending on what the reward is or depending on who the other person is.
- Entitativity is the extent to which a group seems to be a single unified entity; a real group. This depends on similarity, proximity and common fate.
- Collective categorization is when you categorize yourself to be part of the bigger group.
- Subgroup categorization is when people categorize themself to be more of a part of the subgroup. There is more conflict with the greater group.
- Personal categorization is when someone is individualistic.
- The level of categorization depends on how much you identify with a group; dependent upon similarity, proximity and common fate.
- Social comparison theory states that people rely on others for information about themselves.
- Upward comparison is when you compare yourself to someone who has more success. This can lead to feelings of jealousy and low self-esteem.
- Downward comparison is when you compare yourself to others who have less success. This can lead to feelings of content and high self-esteem.
- We compare ourselves to get accurate information, to get the feelings we belong somewhere and to be reassured.
- When we compare ourselves to other people in general, we often make us of self-serving attributions. We can use downward social comparison. Another option is that we use self-evaluation maintenance (SEM) for upward social comparison.
- We can also compare ourselves to members of our ingroup. People feel like there should be a balance between assimilating with the group and differentiation of the group (being an individual); this balance is called optimal distinctiveness.
- People also compare themselves with the outgroup. People make use of group serving causal attributions, social creativity, BIRGing (basking in reflected glory)
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